Italian Verbs Conjugated With Two Pronominal Particles

An Italian pronominal verb (verbo pronominale) is a verb that incorporates one or two pronominal particles that alter or refine the verbs original meaning and often give it a singular idiomatic purpose. Pronominal Particles: What Are They? What are these pronominal particles, or particelle pronominali, that these verbs incorporate? They are tiny little words that refer to something inferred and known idiomatically or that we are already talking about (remember, they are pronouns, so the meaning often is contextual): Si: a reflexive or reciprocal particle (but sometimes only apparently reflexive) that stands for oneself, one another, or also something about oneselfCi: an indirect pronoun of place meaning in a place or about a place inferred or understoodNe: a pronoun that stands in for something previously mentioned; of something, about something, and from something (a place or topic, for example)La and le: direct object particles, singular and plural, referring to something we are talking about or inferred Alone or as a couple, these little particles attach to the infinitives—mettercela, vedercisi, and andarsene—and become part of the verb: in other words, that is the infinitive and the pronouns stay with the verb as it is conjugated. Generally, they are intransitive and conjugate with essere. But lets take these verbs in categories one by one according to the particle or particles they incorporate. Pronominal Verbs With Si: Reflexive, Reciprocal, and Other You know about reflexive verbs: The particle si in reflexive verbs indicates oneself; the subject and the object are the same. In reciprocal verbs, the si stands for one another: for example, incontrarsi (meet one another) and conoscersi (know one another). Those are straightforward. Then there are other verbs that incorporate si but do not become reflexive or reciprocal: They are simply intransitive with si. The subject is not the object of the verb but is nonetheless changed by the action. Lets look: Lavarsi (reflexive) to wash oneself I bambini si lavano. The children are washing themselves. Vestirsi (reflexive) to dress oneself I bambini si vestono. The children are getting dressed. Alzarsi (reflexive) to get up Devo alzarmi presto. I have to get up early. Rompersi un braccio (optional indirect refl) to break one's arm Mi sono rotta il braccio. I broke my arm. Parlarsi (reciprocal) to speak to one another Ci parliamo spesso. We talk often. Capirsi (reciprocal) to understand one another Ci capiamo molto bene. We understand each other well. Conoscersi (reciprocal) to know one another Ci conosciamo da poco. We have only known each other shortly. Vergognarsi (intransitive non-reflexive) to be shy/bashful/ashamed La bambina si vergogna. The little girl is bashful. Innamorarsi (intransitive non-reflexive) to fall in love Mi sono innamorata. I fell in love. Note: As you see, when you conjugate the pronominal verb you move your particle or particles before the verb (or verbs, if you are using the pronominal verb with an auxiliary or servile verb with the infinitive). As you conjugate, the reflexive/reciprocal pronoun si will adapt to the subject: mi, ti, si, ci, vi, si. Pronominal Verbs With Ci: About a Place or Topic The ci in pronominal verbs refers to a place or a topic we are talking about or that is understood. Esserci to be there 1. Ci siamo. 2. Non ci sono. 3. Voglio esserci per te. 1. We're there/here. 2. They are not here. 3. I want to be there for you. Andarci to go there 1. Andiamoci! 2. Non ci vado. 1. Let's go there. 2. I am not going there. Cascarci to fall for something/to be duped Ci sono cascato. I feel for it. Capirci to understand something about something 1. Non ci capisco niente.2. Non ci abbiamo capito niente. 1. I don't understand anything about it. 2. We didn't understand anything about it. Arrivarci to reach something or arrive there; also to understand something, to get it 1. Non ci arrivo. 2. Ci si arriverà  . 1. I can't reach or I can't understand. 2. We will get there/we will reach (whatever it is we want to reach). Metterci to take or put something (time, generally) into something 1. Quanto ci mettiamo? 2. Ci vuole troppo. 1. How long will it take us? 2. It takes too long. Rimetterci to lose out in something Non ci voglio rimettere in questo affare. I don't want to lose out on this deal. Entrarci to have something to do with something 1. Che c'entra! 2. Non c'entra niente! 1. What does that have to do with it? 2. That doesn't have anything to do with it! Volerci to be necessary; to take something in order to do something 1. Ci vuole tempo. 2. C'à ¨ voluto di tutto per convincerlo. 1. It takes time. 2. It took everything to convince him. Pronominal Verbs With Ne: Of Something Ne as a pronominal particle (not to be confused with nà © the negative conjunction or ne the partitive pronoun) means of or about something, or about this or that. Some idiomatic expressions are made of verbs with ne: Farne di tutti i colori or farne di tutte, for example, which means to do all sorts of crazy or bad stuff. Vederne to see of something Non ne vedo la necessità  . I don't see the necessity of it. Andarne to go from something; to be lost/to be at stake Ne va del mio onore. My honor is at stake. Venirne to come to something or out of something 1. Ne voglio venire a capo. 2. Ne sono venuto fuori. 1. I want to get to the bottom of it. 2. I came out of it. Volerne (a qualcuno) to hold something against someone Non me ne volere. Don't hold it against me. Further down you will find ne in double pronominal uses with verbs of movement such as andare and venire, where the ne has a specific meaning of location, and in combination with another particle, it changes the overall meaning of the verb. Pronominal Verbs With La and Le: The Unspoken Something Pronominal verbs with la are much loved. Note that sometimes the original sense of the verb without the la is maintained while in other cases it is not: Piantare means to plant (a plant), but with the la it means to quit something. About the pronominal verbs with le, prenderle, and darle, you will hear Italian parents say to their kids, Guarda che le prendi! or Guarda che te le do! Watch out, that you will get paddled, or I will paddle you! Note that pronominal verbs with la and le get avere in compound tenses (even in double pronominal verbs, unless one of the pronouns is si, in which case they get essere). Finirla to end/stop something Finiscila! Quit it! Piantarla to quit something Piantala! Stop it! Smetterla to quit something Smettila! Stop it! Scamparla to come out of something (or not) by the skin of your teeth Non l'ha scampata. He didn't make it out of it. Farla to do something bad or conniving to someone Te l'ha fatta grossa. He tricked you badly/he pulled a bad one on you. Farla franca to get away with something L'ha fatta franca anche stavolta. He got away with it this time, too. Prenderle or buscarle to get a beating (to take them) Il ragazzo le ha prese/buscate dal suo amico. The boy took a beating from his friend. Darle to give a beating (to give them) Il suo amico gliele ha date. His friend gave him a beating. Dirle to say them (words) La ragazza le ha dette di tutti i colori su Andrea. The girl badmouthed/said all sorts of things about Andrea. Two Pronominal  Particles Together Many pronominal verbs incorporate two pronominal particles: si and ne, for example, and ci and la. When that happens, they mostly morph the meaning of the verb in its non-pronominal form. Sometimes you will be able to make use of the meaning of the particles to make sense of the pronominal verb; sometimes not so easy. Note: When there are two pronouns one of which is si or ci (but not in combination) those become se and ce and both pronouns move ahead of the verb. Remember: In double pronoun constructions the reflexive pronouns become me, te, se, ce, ve, se. In pronominal verbs with two pronouns, one of which is a reflexive pronoun, the reflexive pronoun comes before the second pronoun. For example: te la, me ne, se ne. Lets take a look: Farcela: Ci Plus La Those ending in -cela are some of the most frequently used pronominal verbs of all. The la in farcela (to make it) can refer to anything from getting to the train on time to salvaging a relationship or getting a job. It just depends on what you are talking about. Avercela to be angry at someone; to have it (something) in for someone Marco ce l'ha con me. Marco is angry at me. Farcela to make it (at something); to fulfil a goal; to succeed 1. Ce la facciamo. 2. Ce l'ho fatta! We can make it. 2. I made it! Mettercela to put everything into something 1. Ce la metto tutta all'esame. 2. Ce l'ho messa tutta ma non ce l'ho fatta. 1. I will give everything at the exam. 2. I put everything into it but I didn't make it. Bisogna Vedercisi! Ci Plus Si In pronominal verbs ending in -cisi, think of the verb plus si as oneself and the ci as a place or situation. This is the only group of pronominal verbs with double pronouns in which, when the verb is conjugated, the reflexive pronoun stays unadulterated: mi, ti, si, ci, vi, si (not me, te, se, ce, ve, se). Trovarcisi to be or find oneself (well) or be happy in a place or situation 1. Mi ci trovo bene. 2. Bisogna trovarcisi per capire. 1. I am happy there. 2. One has to find oneself there (in that situation) to understand. Vedercisi to see/imagine oneself (well) in a place or situation 1. Non mi ci vedo. 2. Bisogna vedercisi per poterlo fare. 1. I can't see myself in it (a dress, a situation). 2. You have to see yourself there (in that situation) to be able to do it. Sentircisi to feel at ease in a place or situation Non mi ci sento bene. I don't feel good/at ease there (in that situation). Prendersela: Si Plus La Pronominal verbs that end in -sela are widely used and represent a large group of idiomatic expressions is which the si (oneself) is having to do with a la (something situation). Sbrigarsela to manage or deal with something 1. Me la sono sbrigata da sola. 2. Sbrigatela da sola. Deal with it yourself. Cavarsela to manage or get out of a situation Me la sono cavata bene. I managed (something) well. Godersela to enjoy something Me la sono goduta. I enjoyed it (a vacation or something). Spassarsela to have it easy; to enjoy or have a great time Luigi se la spassa al mare. Luigi is taking it easy at the sea. Svignarsela to flee or scamper away Il ladro se l'à ¨ svignata. The thief fled. Cercarsela to get oneself in a situation; to look for trouble Te la sei cercata. You got yourself in this. Prendersela to get one's feelings hurt; to be offended Non te la prendere! Scherzo! Don't get your feelings hurt! I was joking! Prendersela comoda to take one's time Oggi me la prendo comoda. Today I am going to take my time. Vedersela to manage a situation or see something through Me la vedo da sola. I will manage it myself. Vedersela brutta to have a hard time with something, or to be in a bad situation Marco se la vede brutta adesso. Marco is having a hard time of it. Andarsene: Si Plus Ne Pronominal verbs in -sene are the other most numerous and frequently used group. Again, think of the si as oneself and the ne meaning from or about a place or a topic. Andarsene is a particularly prominent one in the imperative: Vattene! Go away! as in take yourself away from here. Note: Fregarsene is used a lot but it is a bit brusque. Approfittarsene to take advantage of something Giulio se ne approfitta sempre. Giulio always takes advantage (of whatever we are talking about). Andarsene to leave/take leave from a place Marco se n'à ¨ andato. Marco has left/took his leave. Curarsene to take care of something Me ne curo io. I will take care of it. Fregarsene to give a damn/care less Me ne frego. I could care less. Occuparsene to handle/take care of something Se ne occupa mio padre. My father is taking care of it. Intendersene to know a lot about something Marco se ne intende. Marco is an expert/knows a lot it (something). Tornarsene via to return whence one came Me ne torno via. I am returning where I came from. Starsene lontano/a/i/e to stay away from a place Oggi ce ne stiamo lontani. Today we are staying away. Imperative and Other Conjugation Notes Note: When conjugating the imperative and gerund of andarsene and similar verbs that have two pronominal  particles, both pronouns are appended to the conjugated verb: Andatevene! Go away!Andiamocene! Lets go!Andandocene abbiamo notato la tua macchina nuova. While leaving, we noticed your new car.Non trovandocisi bene, Maria à ¨ tornata a casa. Not being at ease there, Maria went back home. With the infinitive, remember that you can put the pronouns before or attach them to the infinitive. Devi sbrigartela da sola or te la devi sbrigare da sola. You have to deal with it yourself.Non voglio prendermela or non me la voglio prendere. I dont want to get my feelings hurt.

Effective Communication At A Client / Counselor Setting

Effective communication is the key to any successful relationship, especially in a client/counselor setting. Occasionally, a client will present with good communication style, but other times, scenes might culminate as the counselor teaching effective communication skills. Professional relationships can prove as less stressful when communicating with certain individuals, opposed to personal relationship interactions; I believe this to be true for me. Although, I scored 55/55 here (Engels, Barrio Minton, Ray, 2010). Looking into a situation from an outside perspective allows me to be clear, concise, and genuine with clients. I am able to remain in a learner role (of the client), and a teacher role (for the client), with reasoning orientations and intervention strategies; rather than playing a participant with emotional or physical ties to the situation. A healthy therapeutic relationship is ensured, encouraged, and developed over time, through open lines of communication. Humo r is often utilized, with many positive communication techniques and appropriate teaching moments, to mutually create hope for the betterment of the client’s future. Another region of successful counseling competencies for me is, remaining professionally proficient; as maximum points were scored (Engels, Barrio Minton, Ray, 2010). My ambition is to behave as professional as possible, regardless of personnel milieu. Advocacy and education for the helping field is always of importance to me.Show MoreRelatedA Research Study On Group Therapy1178 Words   |  5 Pagesthat can be offer to an individual dealing with anxiety is medication and therapy. Out of the two, therapy has been known to be the most effective. Although people are more familiar with traditional therapy, group therapy has become just as prolific. Group counseling is a special type of therapy composed of a small group of individuals under the guidance of a counselor. 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Poetry Synthesis Essay Example For Students

Poetry Synthesis Essay The subject of Identity and individuality are the main themes of the poems, Identity by Julio Nabob Poland and The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost. Identity is an accurately titled poem about originality and independence. The poet compares a flower to a weed by saying that its better to take risks and be yourself rather than being rooted to the ground and stuck in the same place as everyone else. It is written in a strong and defiant tone, especially in the lines Let them be as flowers and Id rather; the poet appears to be very confident in his statement and truly believes in it. The poem is an extended metaphor and uses symbolism and personification to animate the words. The poet offers to himself as a tall, ugly weed amongst flowers. He uses the weed to represent his desire to stand tall and free rather than be stuck In a pot. The weed and the flower are presented with the same obstacles, but the flower Is pampered and prized and looked after. The poet declares that he would always prefer to be the weed, which is free and independent, over the flower that is beautiful and cherished but is someones property. The poet also alludes to his distrust of people in general in the lines where theyre praised, handled, and plucked by greedy, human hands. The Road Not Taken is a well-known poem, popular for its existential theme. It is about the choices we make in life and how they affect us later on. The reader can easily empathic with the poet, who must choose between two roads without having any knowledge of where either will lead. The poet courageously selects the road less traveled by over the safe path others have chosen. It represents his preference to make his own way around In the world. The Road Not Taken uses imagery Two roads diverged In a yellow wood and In leaves no step had trodden black to create usual In the readers mind. The line Because It was grassy and wanted wear Is an example of personification as it brought the road to life in desiring use. The poet realizes that his choice of path will decide his life. But the tricky part about the nature of the future is that the speaker wont know how his decision will change his life until it has already changed. The speaker thinks of his lost opportunities as his choice takes him into one future and leaves another behind. Both poems discussed above used metaphor and personification to present the respective poets views on individuality. Identity is bolder and more advising of the two; the poet is confident that the life of the weed Is much more rewarding than the life of the potted flower. The Road Not Taken Is more timid and explanatory than advisory. It contains great metaphors for stepping out of ones comfort zone. Both poems agree that one cannot believe In anything If he cannot believe In himself first. Their message, somewhat vague underneath their many layers, Is simply to seize the day and enjoy life no matter how unconventional. Poetry Synthesis Essay By Camille their own person. The former often succeed in their desire to fit in and be come aspect and ultimately has a better grasp of their identity. The subject of identity and individuality are the main themes of the poems, Identity by Julio Nabob Poland and The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost. Identity is an accurately titled poem about represent his desire to stand tall and free rather than be stuck in a pot. The weed and the flower are presented with the same obstacles, but the flower is pampered make his own way around in the world. The Road Not Taken uses imagery Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and In leaves no step had trodden black to create usual in the readers mind.

The Book of Isaiah

Theological Message of the Book of Isaiah The book of Isaiah is very important because it prophesies the birth and life of Jesus Christ. The prophecy of Christ is a testament of hope in God1. Prophet Isaiah describes how Christ will save all believers on the Judgment Day. The main theological theme of this book is found in Isaiah 12: 2.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Book of Isaiah specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This verse states that God is the salvation of every Christian2. Believers should therefore trust and worship their God. The first 39 chapters of this book focus on the issue of judgment. This portrayal of judgment is relevant because it creates room for salvation. According to many scholars of the Bible, Christians should be in need of salvation. This argument explains why the themes of judgment and salvation go hand-in-hand in this book. The first chapters of Isaiah explain how sinners will be ju dged. The faithful ones will receive God’s blessings. Such believers will eventually live in a renewed world full of happiness. Summary Statement: The book of Isaiah describes how God will destroy those who have sinned and save the faithful. Theological Themes in the Book of Isaiah The concept of dualism is notable in many prophetic books in the Holy Bible. This is the same case with the book of Isaiah. The author of the book begins by giving the prophecies associated with his time3. The author then tackles a greater fulfillment that will occur after Jesus Christ returns for the second time. The book of Isaiah shows clearly that a great judgment awaits all believers. The verdict will take place after the end of this present era. This message of judgment is presented to the reader using four unique themes. This essay offers a detailed analysis and meaning of each of the four themes. Jesus Christ The theme of Christ occurs throughout this book. Most of the chapters in Isaiah co ntain prophesies of the Messiah. The book identifies Jesus’ first coming. The theme of Jesus Christ makes it easier for believers to understand God’s prophecies. The New Testament is a fulfillment of these prophecies by Isaiah4.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Several verses in the book give a detailed analysis of Jesus’ role as the son of God. For instance, Isaiah 2:4 indicates clearly that Jesus will judge every nation. According to the book, Christ will be the child of a virgin. His name â€Å"shall be Immanuel† (Isaiah 8: 8-10). According to Isaiah (28: 16), Jesus Christ will be the foundation of every soul. Chapter 53 of the book explains how Christ will suffer on earth. The prophet also indicates how Jesus will die to save mankind. This chapter shows clearly that Jesus will come to give his precious life on the cross in order to redeem mankin d. The Passover lamp mentioned in Isaiah (53:7) symbolizes this act of heroism. God uses Isaiah’s prophecies to reveal why Jesus Christ will have a human soul5. This approach will make it easier for Christ to deal with the sins affecting mankind. God also showed Isaiah how Jesus will be crucified and resurrect after three days. Similar prophecies had been made by great leaders such as King David. The theme of Jesus Christ goes further to explain how God shall save mankind. God will judge and save those who shall repent. The role of Christ will be to bring more people to their creator. Warnings and Assurances to Israelites The first ten chapters of this book highlight most of the sins committed by many people during the time of Isaiah. Such are comparable to the ones committed by different Christians today6. The book of Isaiah gives a detailed analysis of the Judgment Day. Chapters 41-50 of the book also highlight the sins committed by the people of Judah and Israel. Many vers es in these chapters describe how God shall redeem his people from such sins. Chapter 56 warns believers against their actions. God will punish people for such sins. Christians should therefore be warned and put their eyes on the Lord7. The issue of hypocrisy is also mentioned in chapters 56 and 58. Such chapters describe why many Israelites had stopped keeping the Sabbath. Many people were also fasting without proper reasons. This theme encourages many believers to repent and focus on God’s deliverance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Book of Isaiah specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Believers should therefore pray in order to receive God’s mercies. They will eventually be delivered and see God’s kingdom. This theme encourages many Christians and believers to obey God’s commandments. They should do so by keeping the covenant. God shall â€Å"rescue his people from captivity† (Isaiah 11:11). This theme encourages Christians to repent. Modern believers should also consider these warnings and assurances in order to achieve their religious goals8. The Day of the Lord The world has been characterized by many evil occurrences. This fact explains why many Biblical books have described the Day of the Lord. This Day of the Lord is yet to come9. The book of Isaiah describes a time when frightening events shall occur. Such events will create room for Jesus Christ’s second coming. The Day of the Lord will put an end to this present age10. The book indicates that â€Å"this Day of the Lord shall last for a year† (Isaiah 61: 1). This one year shall be characterized by God’s wrath and vengeance (Revelations 6:17). During this day, God’s wrath will be felt in every corner of the world. The book of Isaiah also describes â€Å"how the earth shall be shaken and moved out of its orbit† (Isaiah 13:13). This Day of the Lord will also be ch aracterized by war. The book of Revelation also gives similar views of this day. The daughters of Babylon will also be destroyed during this fateful day. The word â€Å"Babylon† denotes different earthly regimes that shall be obliterated before Christ’s second coming11. According to the Holy Bible, the Day of the Lord â€Å"shall end when the great trumpet will be blown† (Isaiah 27:13). The Messiah shall return after the end of this Day of the Lord. This theme is meaningful because it describes the events that will occur before God’s second coming12.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Believers should therefore be vigilant in order to inherit God’s kingdom. Every government and earthly system shall be destroyed during this period (Isaiah 47: 1, 5, 7, 9). God’s Kingdom Every chapter in this book addresses the issues surrounding the Kingdom of God. Jesus Christ will usher this new kingdom after his second coming. It is notable that the word â€Å"Kingdom† is not used in the book. However, Prophet Isaiah gives a detailed analysis of a future age that will prevail after the Day of the Lord. Several verses in the book prophesy this kingdom. For instance, Isaiah (4: 2-6) indicates that â€Å"God will establish a New Jerusalem†. The righteous shall live in this blessed city. The book also indicates that this new kingdom shall dwell forever. The â€Å"son of God will be called the Prince of Peace† (Isaiah 9: 6-7). The Holy Bible also indicates that â€Å"the deaf shall hear, the blind will see, and Jacob’s children will praise G od’s name forever† (Isaiah 29: 18). The book of Isaiah presents many prophecies about this awaited kingdom. Chapters 44-66 describe how the current world shall be destroyed in order to give room for a new government. According to Hagerland, everything written in this book focuses on an eternal government led by God13. The whole world shall disappear and a new one will emerge. Every person in this new world will be blessed, happy, and successful. The above prophesies are relevant because they support the religious needs of every believer. Jesus Christ will come back in order to establish God’s kingdom. Human beings should therefore embrace these teachings in order to achieve their religious goals. Christians should also repent, forgive one another, and change their lives. These practices will make it easier for many believers to achieve their spiritual goals. Such individuals will become part of God’s kingdom. Bibliography Hagerland, Tobias. Jesus and the F orgiveness of Sins: An Aspect of his Prophetic Mission. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Peterson, David. The Prophetic Literature: An Introduction. New York, NY: Wiley, 2002. Roberts, Jimmy. â€Å"Isaiah in Old Testament Theology.† Interpretation 36, no. 2 (1982): 130-143. Webb, Barry. The Message of Isaiah. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1997. Young, Edward. The Book of Isaiah. New York, NY: Longman, 2002. Footnotes 1 Edward Young. The Book of Isaiah, (New York, NY: Longman, 2002), 36. 2 Tobias Hagerland. Jesus and the Forgiveness of Sins: An Aspect of his Prophetic Mission, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 63. 3 Jimmy Roberts. â€Å"Isaiah in Old Testament Theology,† Interpretation 36, no. 2 (1982): 133. 4 David Peterson. The Prophetic Literature: An Introduction, (New York, NY: Wiley, 2002), 22. 5 Edward Young. The Book of Isaiah, (New York, NY: Longman, 2002), 36. 6 Edward Young. The Book of Isaiah, (New York, NY: Longman, 2002), 36. 7 Barry Webb. The Message of Isaiah, (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1997), 82. 8 Jimmy Roberts. â€Å"Isaiah in Old Testament Theology,† Interpretation 36, no. 2 (1982): 136. 9 David Peterson. The Prophetic Literature: An Introduction, (New York, NY: Wiley, 2002), 22. 10 Tobias Hagerland. Jesus and the Forgiveness of Sins: An Aspect of his Prophetic Mission, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 69. 11 Edward Young. The Book of Isaiah, (New York, NY: Longman, 2002), 73. 12 Barry Webb. The Message of Isaiah, (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1997), 86. 13 Edward Young. The Book of Isaiah, (New York, NY: Longman, 2002), 36. This essay on The Book of Isaiah was written and submitted by user Aryana P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Clarence Thomas Essays - Clarence Thomas, , Term Papers

Clarence Thomas Although I will say that this isn't the most detailed paper it can save you come research time! Clarence Thomas is a Supreme Court Justice, who has been under criticism since the day that he was appointed. Thomas has been chastised for his views on Affirmative Action and his views on African-American's evolution into the mainstream of our society. Chief Justice Thomas, since his appointment has been marked as a far right conservative. In the beginning of his tenure he was labeled as Chief Justice Scalia's, ?second vote.? Since then Thomas has removed himself from this shadow to show insight on his own conservative ideas. Clarence Thomas was born on June 23, 1948 in Pin Point, Georgia. Thomas is a child of Mr. M.C. Thomas and Leola Anderson. He grew up in a single-mother household. Thomas's father abandoned him and his mother, Leola, when he was two. Times were hard for his family, and his mother later sent him and his brother to live with his grandfather, Myers Anderson in Savannah, Georgia. His grandfather instilled in Clarence that education would be his key to unlocking the door to a successful life. He wanted him to overcome the color boundaries that were present during this time in America's history. Clarence Thomas has an extensive educational background. Thomas attended an all black high school in Savannah before dropping out and enrolling at St. John Vianney Minor Seminary. Thomas withdrew at his grandfathers urging to become a minister. After his graduation form St. John Vianney Minor Seminary he was accepted to Immaculate Conception Seminary. However, he once again withdrew, this time because of the racial events that had occurred while attending. At this time Holy Cross University began recruiting black students and he was accepted. Thomas worked hard to not only succeed and graduate, but to excel in his classes. He graduated ninth in his class at Holy Cross, in 1971. While at Holy Cross, Thomas met Ms. Kate Ambush and they later married. Thomas' only child (Jamal) was as a result of this marriage (Clarence and Kate later divorced in 1984. He has since married to Virgina Lamp, in 1987). Clarence Thomas decided that he wanted to advance his education and applied to Yale Law School. Again, Thomas applied to a university were a minority program was implemented just a few years earlier, and he was accepted. After graduating from Yale Law School Thomas's future looked bright. While at Yale his emphasis dealt with tax and anti-trust law. Upon Thomas' graduation from Yale he went to work for John Danforth, the attorney general of Missouri. While working for the attorney general Thomas worked in the tax division. In 1977, Danforth was elected to the Senate and Thomas went to work for Monsanto Company as a corporate lawyer in the pesticide and agriculture division. After a couple of years of work for Monsanto, Thomas became a legislative assistant on energy and environmental projects for Senator Danforth. During this time Thomas attracted much attention from the Reagan administration, which landed him a job as assistant secretary for civil rights in the Education Department. President Reagan then promoted Thomas to head of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. While at the EEOC, Thomas put the agency in position to enforce law. He also changed administration, policies, and implemented new procedures to improve the agency. Thomas' success as head of the EEOC led to a President Bush appointment to the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington D.C. as a Judge in 1990. He only served 17 months before being nominated to the Supreme Court by President Bush after the retirement of Thurgood Marshall. An appointment to the United States Supreme Court is for a life term. Therefore, it makes since that the process used to appoint the justices is complete and thorough. The appointment of a Supreme Court justice is made by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. There can be many reasons why a person is to be chosen as a justice to the highest court in the land. Presidents have appointed certain people because of their political ideologies, judicial philosophies, gender, religion, or race. The latter reason played a big role in the

Assessing Strategic Planning In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essay Example

Assessing Strategic Planning In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essay Example Assessing Strategic Planning In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essay Assessing Strategic Planning In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essay The rapid development in the cordial reception industry which has lead to importance of strategic planning required in order the houses can hold a steady rise in the industry. The life criterions of people have been improved due to globalization which in title contribute to the development of the cordial reception industry. The variegation was a most of import precedence of the houses in order to use the high profiled client base which they possessed.It is easy to aim the clients who are in your door measure and this lead to assorted preparation of strategic programs to aim them. Strategic planning is an organisation frame work of specifying its scheme, or way, and doing determinations on apportioning its resources to prosecute this scheme, including its capital and people. Assorted concern analysis techniques can be used in strategic planning, including SWOT analysis ( Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats ) and PEST analysis ( Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis ) or STEER analysis ( Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors ) and EPISTEL ( Environment, Political, Informatics, Social, Technological, Economic and Legal ) . Strategic planning is the official consideration of an organisation s future class. All strategic planning trades with at least one of three cardinal inquiries: TheA cordial reception industryA consists of wide class of Fieldss within the service industry that includesA housing, A eating houses, A event planning, A subject Parkss, A transit, A sail line, and extra Fieldss within the touristry industry. The cordial reception industry is a several billion dollar industry that largely depends on the handiness of leisure clip and disposable income. A cordial reception unit such as a eating house, hotel, or even an amusement park consists of multiple groups such as installation care, direct operations ( waiters, A housekeepers, porters, kitchen workers, A barmans, etc. ) , direction, selling, and human resources. The cordial reception industry includes a broad scope of organisations offering nutrient service and adjustment. The cordial reception industry is divided into sectors harmonizing to the skill-sets required for the work involved. Sectors include adjustment, nutrient and drink, meeting and events, gambling, amusement and diversion, touristry services, and visitant information. ( wikepedia n.d. ) Strategic planning for the cordial reception industry ( 1 ) The increasing popularity of strategic planning in recent times is attributed to speed uping alterations in industries and economic systems and increasing planetary competition. ( 2 ) The rapid development of strategic-planning that executives find utile. Firms that engage in strategic be aftering tend to hold higher public presentation. ( 3 ) A recent survey of hotels in the United Kingdom found that concern public presentation was positively associated with the thoroughness, edification, engagement, and formality of strategic-planning procedures. ( 4 ) Strategic analysis the systematic probe of a house and its environment is the foundation of the strategic direction procedure. STRATEGIC PLANNING IN JACK IN THE BOX Jack in the Box late announced programs to open 100 to 150 eating houses combined with convenience shops over the following five old ages. The shops will have life-size eating houses and besides sell gasolene and other typical convenience shop points such as staff of life and milk. How did Jack in the Box arrive at this determination? Harmonizing to the company s CEO, Bob Nugent, an analysis of the convenience-store market indicated that there was plentifulness of chance, chiefly because no single company dominates. The largest participant in the convenience-store industry which dominated the market, 7-Eleven, Inc. , controls somewhat over 4 per centum of the market. Compare this to fast nutrients, where McDonald s controls 43 per centum of the market and Jack in the Box a mere 4.6 per centum. Nugent besides justifies his determination on the footing of research which indicates that a convenience-store client is twice every bit likely to eat fast nutrient as a non-convenience-store client. ( 5 ) Strategic analysis can supply first-class information on which to establish long-range determinations such as this one. Knowledge is one of the most of import competitory arms a house can possess. ( 6 ) As the Jack in the Box illustration illustrates, detailed cognition about a house and its environment can be used to bring forth new thoughts for businessA and to measure the feasibleness of thoughts before they are really implemented. Strategic analysis besides allows a house s directors to go more cognizant of the company s strengths and failings and to understand the grounds behind successes and failures. Knowledge about the competitory environment can assist to expect and be after for alterations and foretell how rivals or other stakeholders such as clients or providers will react to new schemes or other organisational activities. Strategic analysis can open up channels of communicating between high-level directors and subsidiaries, leting them to portion thoughts and positions. The participative procedure will assist subsidiaries to accept alterations more readily after determinations are made. ( Harrison April, 2003 ) STRATEGIC PLANS AT FelCor LODGING TRUST For FelCor Lodging Trust, one of the largest hotel existent estate investing trusts ( REITs ) in the United States, a strategic planning exercising led the company to rethink its scheme. Naming itself the New FelCor, the house has made dramatic stairss toward shifting itself. The house concern scheme is to dispose of nonstrategic hotels, including all of its Holiday Inn Hotels located in secondary and third markets. After the sale, it will hold lower exposure to markets with low barriers to entry. Other elements of the new concern scheme are ( 1 ) To get hotels in high barrier to entry markets ( 2 ) To better the competitory placement of nucleus hotels through aggressive plus direction and the wise application of capital in the industry ( 3 ) To pay down debt through a combination of operational hard currency flow and the sale of nonstrategic hotels. The company will go a lower leveraged company with a stronger and to the full renovated portfolio of hotels. STRATEGIC Thinking AT STARWOOD When Starwood idea of spread outing their concern to a field which is relevant and easy to pull clients.They in hotel industry and had a close association with the luxury section clients so they thought Expansion through Diversification scheme in order use their same luxury client base to sell their freshly introduced Heavenly Bed . Westin Hotels A ; Resorts, with 169 hotels and resorts in more than 31 states and districts, is owned by Starwood Hotels A ; Resorts Worldwide, Inc The Heavenly Bed, foremost launched by the Westin trade name of Starwood Hotels A ; Resorts, has transformed the bed, a basic characteristic of any hotel room, into a epicurean object of desire, heightening the grosss of the concatenation and go forthing many hotel operators to follow suit with imitator linens and usage bedclothes of their ain. The strategic procedure at Starwood began with consumer analysis and merchandise testing. First, Westin conducted a survey affecting 600 concern executives who travel often. The consequences showed that 84 per centum said a epicurean bed would do a hotel room more attractive to them to bask the comfort. What is more, 63 per centum said a good dark slumber is the most of import service a hotel can supply. Half of those surveyed said they sleep worse in hotels than at place. After proving 50 beds from 35 housing ironss, Westin developed its paradigm all white Heavenly Bed with a usage designed pillow top mattress, goose down sympathizers, five pillows, and three chip sheets runing in yarn count from 180 to 250. Once the merchandise was designed and tested, the house introduced the bed with a carefully planned selling scheme are USA Today ran a narrative on the front page of its concern subdivision. The same twenty-four hours, 20 pristine white Heavenly Beds lined Wall Street up to the New York Stock Exchange in New York City. Inside the Stock Exchange, Barry Sternlicht, the so Chairman and CEO of Starwood Hotels A ; Resorts rang the gap bell and threw out chapeaus proclaiming, Work like the devil Sleep like an angel. Meanwhile, at New York Grand Central Station, 20 more beds graced one of the rotundas at that place, and commuters debarking the trains were invited to seek them out. Similar events were staged the same twenty-four hours at 38 locations across the United States, tailored to each metropolis. Savannah s event featured a bed drifting on a flatboat down the river with a landing skydiver. Seattle s event took topographic point atop the Space Needle. To reenforce the message, a coincident advertisement run asked, Who s the best in bed? AN EMERGING RETAIL STRATEGY FOR THE HEAVENLY BED In the early phases of presenting the heavenly bed.In the first hebdomad of establishing the Westin Heavenly Bed, 32 invitees were interested to purchase the bed. A light bulb went on. Westin executives put order cards with a toll free figure in every room. They started puting catalogs by bedsides and desks and put up a web site. By June of 2004, Westin had sold 20,000 pillows $ 75 for the male monarch sized version and 3,500 bed/bedding jazz band, at $ 2,965 each, plenty to distribute the thought throughout Starwood, with the Sheraton, St. Regis, and W lines all turning into retail merchants. The unforeseen success of the Heavenly Bed has spawned a new concern companies that help hotels run their retail weaponries. Boxport, a spin off of San Francisco based hotel pimp Higgins Purchasing Group, operates web sites and catalogs for several ironss that now sell bedclothes. In order to find where it is traveling, the organisation needs to cognize precisely where it stands, so find where it wants to travel and how it will acquire at that place. The resulting papers is called the strategic program. It is besides true that strategic planning may be a tool for efficaciously plotting the way of a company ; nevertheless, strategic be aftering itself can non announce precisely how the market will germinate and what issues will come up in the approaching yearss in order to be after your organisational scheme. Therefore, strategic invention and puttering with the strategic program have to be a basis scheme for an organisation to last the turbulent concern clime.

The Role of HR as Business Partners in Impementation of Change Essay

The Role of HR as Business Partners in Impementation of Change Management Strategy - Essay Example It is seen that the HR is not involved as a partner and its participation is not sought at the need assessment or change planning and development stage. The HR’s resources and skills are used only as means or tools for implementing the trainings and conducting the evaluation post the change. The research highlights the fact that the organizations are missing out on using the potential of HR to contribute significantly at the planning, implementation and transition phases of change management. The research concludes with making recommendations to involve the HR in providing basic inputs and direction to planning, and autonomy and empowernment during implementation, transition and evaluation phases. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction and Background 1.2 Research Objectives 1.3 Research Methods 1.4 Outline of Chapters 1.5 Summary Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Concept of Change Management 2.3 Introduction to the Role of HR in Change M anagement 2. 4 Human Resources and Change Management 2. 5 Employee Involvement and HR during Change 2. 6 Challenges Faced by HR during Change Management 2. 7 Tools and Strategies that would help HR facilitate the change in a better way 2. 8 Summary and Conclusion Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Approach 3.3 Research Methods 3.4 Research Design 3.4.1 Sample 3.4.2 Data Collection Instrument 3.4.3 Data Collection Method 3.4. 4 Data Analysis Method 3.4.5 Validity and Reliability 3.4. 6 Ethical Considerations 3.4.7 Summary Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Findings 4.2.1 Changes in the Market Environment in the Past Five Years 4.2.2 Threats and Opportunities Due to the Changed Business Environment 4.2.3 Assessment of Internal Needs To Change 4.2.4 HR’s Role in the Need Assessment Phase 4.2.5 Challenges Faced By HR during the Need Assessment Stage 4.2.6 HR’s Role in the Changement Management Process 4.2.6.1 Planning 4.2.6.2 I mplementation 4.2.6.3 Transition 4.2.6.4 Evaluation 4.2.7 Challenges Faced and Strategies Employed for the Change Management Process 4.2.7.1 Challenges To HR 4.2.7.1.1 Implementation 4.2.7.1.2 Transition 4.2.7.1.3 Evaluation 4.2.7.2Strategies Used by HR 4.2.8 Reflections on the Role of HR in the Change Management Process 4.2.9 Summary Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1 Summary of Findings 5.2 Recommendations 5.3 Research Limitations and Scope of Future Research List of Tables and Figures Table 1: Changes in the Market Environment in the Past Five Years Table 2: External Environment Changes Related Threats and Opportunities Figure 1: HRs Role During Implementation Phase of Change Management References The Role of HR as Business Partners in Implementation of Change Management Strategy Chapter 1: Introduction 1.2 Introduction and Background The modern day business environment has become extremely dynamic and increasingly complex because of the huge transition from a local to a global marketplace. As the world has become a smaller place because of rapid technological advancement, the competition has been increasing continuously; the management is under constant pressure to improve the performance by lowering the cost of operations and improving efficiency, productivity and logistics. Hence, the organizations are invariably forced to rethink their strategies and realign their mode of operations to be able to meet the challenges and to provide the right response to the customers as well as to their

Tell u later Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Tell u later - Lab Report Example The company has faced several political issues that have deteriorated its financial position and brand image among its peers. The major competitors of Nokia are Samsung, Apple, LG and Sony. These companies operate in the Android platform apart from Apple. The rapid growth of Samsung has allowed it to reach the leading position which was once owned by Nokia for a long period of time. Nokia has high potential in the windows tablet market owing to the recent rise of windows tablets’ popularity. The business deal with Microsoft has allowed Nokia to have a strong financial background that can be leveraged to finance the future innovations. In order to improve the current condition of Nokia, the company must introduce new technology and innovative products like smart watch or other wearable devices to gain a competitive advantage over its rivals. Nokia Corporation is best known as the manufacturer of mobile handsets in the global market. The company is headquartered in Finland, owns production plants in 8 countries and operates in more than 120 countries (Marketline, 2014a). The company also manufactures network and location based equipments for third party companies. The company owns three major business divisions, the devices and services, network solutions and location based services under the brand HERE. The devices and services section offers mobile phone devices including smart phones and other low end feature phones. The network solution section offers telecommunication solutions targeted at the global mobile broadband industry. It includes 3G, 4G and LTE services along with customer experience management. HERE offers customized GPS and location based services for application developers, automotive companies and device manufacturers (Nokia, 2014). The global mobile phone market has grown significantly over the past fe w years. As of 2013, the mobile phone market earned revenue of $163.4 billion, which represents a growth of

STANDARDS OF EVALUATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STANDARDS OF EVALUATION - Essay Example In terms of accessibility, there is no existence of universal health care in American healthcare delivery system. (Rapoport, 2009) However, the US government has implemented programs to assist deliverance of healthcare to the old-aged, disables, poverty-stricken and youths together with programs arising as an effect of â€Å"Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act† to endow with a guarantee to the people requiring emergency medicinal services irrespective of their fiscal capability (Shi, 2009) whereas, the Canadian health care delivery system ensures that all populace are granted with healthcare services though, coverage is not up till now widespread This is of unique significance as reports have indicated that people requiring critical medical services do not have access even to a standard physician. (Rapoport, 2009) Hence, it can be said that even though Canadian healthcare policies facilitates accessibility to all but the American system, actually, delivers better access to patients requiring healthcare. The USA and Canada’s healthcare systems mutually comprises healthcare as one of the prime overheads in their balance sheets. In year 2007-08, America’s healthcare spending/citizen was noticeably upper than Canada, USA exhausted approximately $2,700 /person i.e. almost 15% of its GDP whereas Canada’s balance sheets recorded only $2,100 /person i.e. 9% of GDP. (Rapoport, 2009) Personal expenditures in Canada are approximately $917 per person per year as compared to the America’s $3,372 /person/year including treatments for drugs, dental and eye treatments. (Rapoport, 2009) American or Canadian, healthcare of both are equivalent as both comprises highly qualified professionals and educational programs of both accentuate the significance of enduring learning and specialization via formal training, tutoring, seminars together with hi-tech implementations (Shi, 2009)

Economic Benefits of Hosting the Commonwealth Games

Economic Benefits of Hosting the Commonwealth Games

What is language

Describe the functions of language. (3) Explain the relevance/importance of English Language Studies. (4) use the knowledge gained to analyses a few texts. Candela et. Al. 2012: 1-2) By working through your tutorial matter (study guide and textbooks), you should be able to provide answers to these questions. What Is language? Language is â€Å"the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. â€Å"l What is communication? Communication is â€Å"the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. â€Å"2 In order to communicate (for people to understand one another) we need to use language in a structured manner. Consider the following sentences: ) I am happy because I ate chocolate. ) Chocolate I happy I because ate am. C) I ma yap succubae I tea teleological. 1 OFFS Why do you understand the first sentence? Why are the second and third sentences unintelligibl e? For meaningful communication to take place, we need to understand and apply the rules of the particular language we are studying. In this module, we learn about some of the rules which govern the English language. You will learn words, sentences and ideas that will help you to describe language. These words and ideas will be applied to real life situations where English is used.Consider how English is used in different situations: school, work, home and Twitter. You will begin to appreciate that language use varies from one context to another. As yourself the question; would you talk or write to your employer in the same way that you would address your friends? You will be introduced to the technical language terminology (such as â€Å"syntax†, â€Å"phonetics†, â€Å"phonology', â€Å"register†, â€Å"genre†, â€Å"text†, â€Å"semantics† and â€Å"pragmatics†) in order to study language. Since you do not generally use language i n isolation, we need to investigate how it is used in society.Remember that not everyone uses language in the same manner. For this reason, we need to learn varieties of language, dialects, standards, and attitudes to language. What is a text? If you refer to the dictionary, there are many definitions provided for â€Å"text†. For example, a â€Å"text† could refer to â€Å"a book or other written or printed work, regarded in terms of its content rather than its physical form. â€Å"3 In your study guide, we learn that â€Å"text† does not refer exclusively to written material. By text' we mean any piece of writing/language that hangs together from the ginning to the end.It has to have unity. Texts do not only have to be written. They can be spoken, e. G. The news that we hear on radio, or the news that we watch being broadcast on Television. A text can also be visual or audio-visual. Indeed, texts that are produced for television are audio-visual. Similarly, some written texts combine both the written and the visual, e. G. Newspaper reports. An art painting, such as, (Candela et. Al. , 2012: 3) Example of a text: Mona Lisa Leonardo dad Vinci Why do you think a painting can be regarded as a text? Provide other examples of texts. What is a domain?One definition for â€Å"domain† is â€Å"a specified sphere of activity or knowledge. â€Å"4 In your study guide, we learn that a â€Å"domain† does not refer exclusively to written Domain refers to social categories which locate all instances of language use in various situations or contexts. It can be the classroom domain, the sports field, a church, a political rally, etc. Notice that a classroom belongs to the larger sphere or domain of education, and a sermon in church belongs to the larger domain of religion. (Candela et. Al. , 2012: 4) Provide examples of a domain. Why is it important to identify a domain? ?Earlier, I provided a dictionary definition of language. On page 4 of your study guide, there are other definitions of language. In this module, language is viewed as a system of relating forms to functions. What does this mean? Firstly, can you identify the constituents of a sentence? I. E. Can you identify a verb, adverb, noun, adjective and so forth? Sentence. If you can identify these forms and how they function in a sentence, then you will begin to understand how they produce meaning in a text. Language is like a machine. If any parts are missing or are in the wrong place, the machine will not work.The following table from the study guide represents the language system: Language concept Meaning Phonetics The study of speech sounds. Phonology The study of the sound patterning system. Lexis The study of the actual words a writer or speaker chooses to use. Morphology The study of how words are formed. Syntax The study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules that govern the formations. Orthography Writing systems Semantics The study of meaning, how meaning is made and understood. Pragmatics The study of the use of language in communication – I. E. Sentences as used in contexts and situations. Discourse What is Language? The question above at first glance seemed easy to answer especially that we all have preconceived idea of what really language is. Language is talking. Noam Chomsky contends that more than any other characteristics, the possession of language distinguishes humans from animals (Chomsky). He argued that to understand humanity, one must understand the nature of language that makes us human. Language is not merely the ability to talk, rather, it is the capacity to produce sounds that signify certain meanings and to understand or interpret the sounds produced by others (Chomsky, p. 2). Thus, if one do not know the language, the words of that language will be mostly inconceivable. Language is more than speech as deaf people can produce languages without words just as normal persons generate and understand verbal languages. Language is what makes people understands each other, it is makes nations to unite for a common goals and it is the very foundation of progress and achievements. Thus understanding language is an essential task that every one must undertake. The world has perhaps thousands of different language that for most of us we can only speak five or the most is ten of these languages. Our limited knowledge of such languages is hindering us to achieve our goals to live in peace, unity, and, in cooperation with each other. Linguistic study therefore is an essential step towards this purpose of achieving, unity, cooperation, and mutual understanding with each other. Knowing what is Language Knowing a language involves knowing what sounds are in that language. It means that when one is not an English speaker he or she cannot substitute the pronunciation of a certain word to make it appear the word is pronounced in English. Taking for example the case presented by Chomsky, he noted that French people often pronounced the English word this and that as if they were spelled as â€Å"Zis† and â€Å"Zat. † knowing the sound system of the language therefore includes more than just the record of sounds. It involves knowing which sounds may start a word, end a word, and follow each other. According to Chomsky, knowing the sounds and the patterns of sounds amount to only one part of our linguistic knowledge. While it may be true that certain sequence of sounds denote certain concepts or meanings, if this is the case, knowing a language is not an easy task. One has to learn the sequences of sound if he or she has to learn language. That is, the words in that language which is also the sound sequences that are related to particular meanings. Thus, if one do not know a language, he or she cannot understand the meaning of the words or sentences of that language, because the relationship between speech and sounds is very subjective or an arbitrary one. Acquiring a language therefore needs one to identify that the sounds represented by the letters signify the concept. Sign Languages The relationship between form (sound) and the meaning (concept) of a word is true even in sign languages (Chomsky, p. 5). It is doubtful someone who is using Chinese sign language CSL) can comprehend the message of the one who is using American Sign Language (ASL), the same with the other. The author noted that not all the movements of the hands reveal the meaning of the gesture in sign languages. He point out that there is some sound symbolism in language, which is the words whose pronunciation suggest meanings. These words or sounds in a language sometimes imitate other sounds, however, although there may be some sounds that are similar to the objects or actions they refer to, the sounds differ from language to language because each language has its own particular system of language. However, Martin Hann emphasized that in understanding the message of the language both the sender and the receiver needs shared meanings of the gestures tones, and other communication symbols (Hann, M. . Hann pointed out that all the information and messages that we receive is being organized by our minds into a mental map that correspond to our perception of reality. The Importance of Sound Sequences To some extent, the author noted that some particular sound sequences seem to relate to a particular notion. Citing as example, the English words beginning gl such as glare, glint, gleam, glitter, glossy, glaze, glimmer, glimpse, and so forth, seemed to be related to sight. However, another set of words beginning with the same two letters, such as gladiator, glucose, glory, glutton, etc. ave nothing to do with sight. The point here is, it is important to know the sound sequences that relate to a particular idea. It does not matter for any one even if he or she can memorize all the 472,000 entries in the Webster dictionary unless he or she can learn the uses of each of those words. In other words, one cannot learn to speak foreign language by buying a dictionary and memorizing all the words, because one will not be able to construct even a simple sentences or phrase in a particular language that can be understand by a native speaker of that language. To understand the words in a language it is important to know where the words begin and where it ended. The Linguistic creativity As some one said, language is a gift of God to humanity. It is through language that humans communicate with each other regardless of race, and nationality. However, we cannot deny that there are language barriers to this communication. One of the most identified barriers is culture diversity. Portland State University, Sociology professor Sharon Lee noted that culture includes language and communication system and is often been used as alternative for culture (Lee, Sharon 2003). The language barrier caused by our cultural differences divides us in many aspect of our civilized social life because everyone has a unique perception and the ideas or the messages, and gestures being expressed differ from others. . Hence, the linguistic creativity is an essential initiative understanding language. Knowledge of language made it possible to combine sounds to construct words and to form phrases to make a sentence of the language. Knowing a language then, means being able to construct sentences and to understand sentences never heard before. This ability to construct and to understand sentences in a language is referred to as the creative aspect of language use. Linguistic creativity is a knowledge hungry process in which metaphors, poems, and jokes are just some of the typical forms. However, our creative ability is reflected not only by what we say, but it also includes our understanding of new sentences (Chomsky p. 9). Linguistic Knowledge and Performance The rise of linguistic in the 19th century has led to the formation of linguistic as a science, which means that linguistic is now a study. For Noam Chomsky Linguistic competence is a linguistic performance, which suggests that it is a process towards achieving such objective. For Chomsky, linguistic competence is the knowledge that we have of a certain language, or the ability to speak such language, which in turn becomes our linguistic performance. In other words linguistic competence and linguistic performance are basically inseparable. That is, When one is linguistic competent, it is a result of a long process of studying language. One’s mastery of language therefore as a result of such study is the linguistic performance. However, For Chomsky, linguistic competence is the unconscious knowledge of grammatical system. The linguistic system such as the sounds, the structures, words, and rules for putting them all collectively is acquired with no conscious awareness. Chomsky emphasized that we are unaware of the rules of language. Our knowledge of the rules of language is revealed by our ability to speak and understand, and to make judgment about the grammaticality of the sentences. Roumyana Slabakova and Silvina Montrul noted that grammatical competence is the unconscious, inherent knowledge that a speaker has about language. The Use of Grammar Grammar according to Chomsky has been defined as â€Å"that which authorized us either to converse a language or to talk about a language. † The way we use the word grammar differs from it most common usage. For Chomsky, grammar includes the knowledge that speaker have about the rules of the language for combining sounds into words which is called phonology while the rules of forming a word is called morphology and the rules for combining words into phrases and phrases into sentences is called syntax, the rule for giving meaning is called semantics. Linguistic competence in this regard is the ability to understand the nature of grammar, which then lead to the understanding to the understanding of the nature of the language. There are two ways linguist use grammar, first, grammar refers to the mental grammars that speakers have in their brain. The second is the model or the linguists’ description of this internalized grammar. Grammatical sentence according to Chomsky is when it conforms to the rules of the mental grammar and the so-called ungrammatical sentences are those who deviate from the rules in some ways. However, Chomsky pointed out that every language variety has its own grammar and no language is superior to any other language in linguistic sense. That is every grammar is equally complex, equally logical and capable of constructing an endless set of sentences to express any thought that can be equally expressed in any other language or dialect, too. It may me expressed using different words, phrases, and sentences, but what is important is that it can be expressed. However, not every grammarian shared that all grammar are equal as there are those who believed even from the earliest times that some account of language are better than others and that there are correct forms that the educated people should use in speaking and writing, and to change language is corruption. Among those who shared this view were the Alexandrians in the first century, the Arabic scholars at Basra, in the eight-century, and the combined batch of numerous English grammarians of the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Chomsky contends that these people wished to prescribed rather than describe the rules of grammar that paved the way to the rise of the writing of prescriptive grammars. This prescriptive grammar has become the language grammar of the upper classes. Conclusion Language is very important regardless of how others would view it. There are may be language for the elite rich and famous, or for the intellectuals, or even for the street people. What ever, language we use, the most important is we understand the people whom we are talking with. It is where that language is said to be a gift, for if we cannot understand others merely because they do not speak our language does not constitute is what is meant of misunderstanding. While I believe in the importance of leaning language but it should not be a hindrance towards understanding each other. However, for the improvement of our society and we must all strive to learn as much language as we can. In this way we can communicate well and can understand each other well. There is nothing wrong ig we utilized our ability to learn language instead, there plenty of benefits if we do so.

Book Review, Summer of My German Soldier

Book Review, Summer of My German Soldier by Bette Greene The book, Summer of My German Soldier, is an example of historical fiction, set in Arkansas, America during World War 2. It tells the story of 12 year old Patty, a Jewish girl, who shelters a young German soldier who escapes from the camp for German prisoners in her hometown. The story opens with the arrival of the German prisoners of war at the train station. From the first chapters we find out about the daily routine of Patty and her family.The reader learns important information about the setting and the characters which explains their behaviour throughout the novel. We learn of the lack of warmth and love from Patty’s parents and also of the contrasting loving relationships with Ruth, her nanny, and her grandparents. In addition, we see evidence of the father’s brutality when he beats her savagely because she breaks a window. Her isolation, feelings of failure and of not being good enough for her parents are a lso shown. These chapters also highlight the racism, discrimination and prejudices in the community which make people feel like outcasts. Related article: Mother of a Traitor SummaryThe people in the community are also quite frightened by what the German prisoners might do to them. In chapter 3, Patty meets Anton for the first time when the POWs come into Patty’s father shop to buy hats. Her feelings for him develop from this moment. In chapter 7, the build-up to the climax begins when Anton escapes from his prison camp and Patty decides to shelter him in her hide-out. In the following chapters we learn more about Anton’s life with his English mother and German father.He comes from Gottingen in German and he used to study history at university. A few chapters later, Anton has to leave Patty because he is being hunted by the FBI. Before leaving, he gives her a 24 carat gold ring, his most valuable possession. In chapter 14, there is a change of setting, Patty goes back to school, and her adventure with Anton is finished. Patty’s need for attention eventually lands her in trouble when she talks about the ring. Her father doubts her story about being given it by an old man whom she helped and he beats her in the middle of the store.An FBI agent questions Patty about the old man and the ring and shows her a photo of Anton. Patty denies knowing the person in the photo but unfortunately for her, the FBI agent has the shirt that she had given to her father for Father’s Day, and then given to Anton. Patty is horrified and grief stricken when she sees the bloodstained shirt and learns that Anton has been shot and killed. Unable to deny the facts, Patty is considered a traitor by her family and community and becomes even more of an outcast.I think that the moral of this story is to not judge people by their colour, religion or nationality but to consider each person as an individual. If Patty was not Jewish, people would have been less harsh in their judgement. Had people judged Anton by his character, instead of his nationality, they would have realised that he was no different to any young man growing up in America at that time. Overall, I enjoyed reading this novel, it was interesting and a bit unusual to read a WW2 novel set in America. I found the characters realistic and not stereotypical, particularly Anton and Patty.As a teenager, I can identify with Patty’s character and I would have acted in the same way as her. The reader sees Patty develop from a timid, unloved child into a confident and strong individual. Although I enjoyed the novel, I found some weaknesses. There is very little action in the first six chapters, they are mostly concerned with setting the scene and giving background information. In addition I would have liked more details about Anton after he left Patty, it would have made the story more exciting. I would recommend this book to teenagers and young adults.

How to Define Acceleration

How to Define Acceleration Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity as a function of time. It is a vector, meaning that it has both magnitude and direction. It is measured in meters per second squared or meters per second (the objects speed or velocity) per second. In calculus terms, acceleration is the second derivative of position concerning time or, alternately, the first derivative of the velocity concerning time. Acceleration- Change in Speed The everyday experience of acceleration is in a vehicle. You step on the accelerator, and the car speeds up as increasing force is applied to the drive train by the engine. But deceleration is also acceleration - the velocity is changing. If you take your foot off the accelerator, the force decreases and velocity is reduced over time. Acceleration, as heard in ads, follows the rule of the change of speed (miles per hour) over time, such as from zero to 60 miles per hour in seven seconds. Units of Acceleration The SI units for acceleration are m / s2(meters per second squared or  meters per second per second). The gal or galileo (Gal) is a unit of acceleration used in gravimetry but is not an SI unit. It is defined as 1 centimeter per second squared. 1 cm/s2 English units for acceleration are feet per second per second,  ft/s2 The standard acceleration due to gravity, or standard gravity  g0 is the gravitational acceleration of an object in a vacuum near the surface of the earth. It combines the effects of gravity and centrifugal acceleration from the rotation of the Earth. Converting Acceleration Units Value m/s2 1 Gal, or cm/s2 0.01 1 ft/s2 0.304800 1 g0 9.80665 Newtons Second Law- Calculating Acceleration The classical mechanics equation for acceleration comes from Newtons Second Law: The sum of the forces (F) on an object of constant mass (m) is equal to mass m multiplied by the objects acceleration (a). F am Therefore, this can be rearranged to define acceleration as: a F/m The result of this equation is that if no forces are acting on an object (F   0), it will not accelerate. Its speed will remain constant. If mass  is added to the object, the acceleration will be lower. If  mass  is removed from the object, its acceleration will be higher. Newtons Second Law is one of the three laws of motion Isaac Newton published in 1687 in  Philosophià ¦ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy).   Acceleration and Relativity While Newtons laws of motion apply at speeds we encounter in daily life, once objects are traveling near the speed of light, the rules change. Thats when Einsteins special theory of relativity is more accurate. The special theory of relativity says it takes more force to result in acceleration as an object approaches the speed of light. Eventually, acceleration becomes vanishingly small and the object never quite achieves the speed of light. Under the theory of general relativity, the principle of equivalence says that gravity and acceleration have identical effects. You dont know whether or not you are accelerating unless you can observe without any forces on you, including gravity.

Free Essays on We Thought The Ball Was Juiced. The Effects Of Steroid Use In Baseball

We all thought the ball was juiced 1. With the World Series ending last week all of baseballs many problems got pushed back into the closet once again without any resolutions. During the heated negotiations of labor dispute from this summer the problem of steroid use came to a head when two former all-stars came out and stated that steroid use in professional baseball is rampant. They admitted that they used the banned substance. Not only did these allegations hurt the integrity of the game that millions of fans support annually, but the negative effect that is passed down to the youth. The impressionable youth now think to become a professional they have to use steroids without knowing all the negative side effects. Still yet we see many baseball players looking more like professional body builders than the prototypical average sized athlete. Not saying all of the 235 pound baseball players are juicing, but it does lead to some suspicion of steroid use. Steroids are a dangerous price to pay not only for the play er, the integrity of the game and the youth of the beloved national past time. 2. What would posses professional athletes to the brink of harming their body for a game? The athlete obviously had to practice for years before the opportunity of the major leagues approached them. Anyway what would the use of steroids in baseball be beneficial? Steroids do not help one hit a ninety eight-mile per hour fastball, or help field a ground ball, or even make a throw more accurate. One the other hand steroids can make one run faster, throw harder and hit a ball further. There have been two confirmed cases of steroid use in Major League Baseball. Ken Caminiti, the 1996 National League MVP, and Jose Canseco admitted to using steroids during their careers. The first to come out and admit his steroid use was Caminiti. Caminiti started using steroids the year he won the MVP. What started out as a way to help his shoulder injury ... Free Essays on We Thought The Ball Was Juiced. The Effects Of Steroid Use In Baseball Free Essays on We Thought The Ball Was Juiced. The Effects Of Steroid Use In Baseball We all thought the ball was juiced 1. With the World Series ending last week all of baseballs many problems got pushed back into the closet once again without any resolutions. During the heated negotiations of labor dispute from this summer the problem of steroid use came to a head when two former all-stars came out and stated that steroid use in professional baseball is rampant. They admitted that they used the banned substance. Not only did these allegations hurt the integrity of the game that millions of fans support annually, but the negative effect that is passed down to the youth. The impressionable youth now think to become a professional they have to use steroids without knowing all the negative side effects. Still yet we see many baseball players looking more like professional body builders than the prototypical average sized athlete. Not saying all of the 235 pound baseball players are juicing, but it does lead to some suspicion of steroid use. Steroids are a dangerous price to pay not only for the play er, the integrity of the game and the youth of the beloved national past time. 2. What would posses professional athletes to the brink of harming their body for a game? The athlete obviously had to practice for years before the opportunity of the major leagues approached them. Anyway what would the use of steroids in baseball be beneficial? Steroids do not help one hit a ninety eight-mile per hour fastball, or help field a ground ball, or even make a throw more accurate. One the other hand steroids can make one run faster, throw harder and hit a ball further. There have been two confirmed cases of steroid use in Major League Baseball. Ken Caminiti, the 1996 National League MVP, and Jose Canseco admitted to using steroids during their careers. The first to come out and admit his steroid use was Caminiti. Caminiti started using steroids the year he won the MVP. What started out as a way to help his shoulder injury ...

Industry Anaylsis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Industry Anaylsis - Research Paper Example Being the world’s second biggest tobacco company around the globe in terms of sales, the British American Tobacco plc remains one of the most successful companies not only in Britain but also around the globe. As one of the most successful companies in the tobacco industries, BAT has a marketing leading advantage in more than 50 countries around the globe. Its main brands are Kent, Pall Mall, Dunhill and Lucky Strike. By the year 2012, BAT had a market capitalization of more than  £65.6  billion, which makes it among the biggest companies to be listed on the LSE. The company’s shared value and mission is to remain a developing innovative by producing less risky nicotine and tobacco products. One of the successes of the company is the launch of e-cigarette Vype in the United Kingdom markets (The European tobacco control report 2007, 2007). As for its suppliers, the British American Tobacco Company is working with more than 100,000 farmers on sustainable practices. Additionally, the company seeks to protect its leaf supply over a long-term. The company also seeks to help in improving both the environmental and social impacts of growing tobacco. The company has a sustainable supply chain, which generally covers its operations that includes trade marketing, logistics and manufacturing. However, the company does not have its own tobacco farms but instead; it provides agronomy support to its extensive smallholder farmers around the globe. The company is currently producing tobacco products on a large scale around the globe. The company boosts of more than 46 cigarette companies around the world. The tie between the company and the tobacco market continues to be strong each year. This is evident by its market capitalization around the globe. By the year 2012, BAT had a market capitalization of more than  £65.6  billion, which lists the company among the biggest companies around the

Org behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Org behavior - Assignment Example Less-sophisticated technological systems may allow for a flatter, horizontal structure that provides employees with more autonomous function. Employees in the organization may not have the tacit knowledge that some experts in the organization hold and do not always have access to face-to-face interventions with knowledge experts. Therefore, they become dependent on data from technology systems in order to guarantee effective knowledge transfer, such as using enterprise resource planning software to gain valuable real-time data occurring in the organization. For instance, customer service can access software to determine current inventory levels in order to ensure order fulfillment. This knowledge source (CSR) now holds knowledge no other individual in the organization carries from external sources. They can take this technology-driven knowledge to consult with production to temporarily double output in order to meet future demand. Technology maintains â€Å"a crucial role in enabling knowledge-centric practices† (Dataware Technologies, 2008, p.2). Having an understanding of the external market is one competency providing competitive advantage. Many organizations rely on differentiation strategies in order to build a brand that stands out uniquely from competitors. In order to create a more effective service model or product concept, the organization needs to conduct market research on consumer attitudes, behaviors, and needs to align operations and service to deliver these outputs. Another core competency is creating a unified organizational culture, using transformational leadership to gain commitment, loyalty and employee satisfaction (Fairholm, 2009). Human capital development in terms of coaching and training using elements of transformational style can give employees more transferrable knowledge within the organization and attitude that focuses on service excellence and total quality management of outputs. Being

Quality and perf 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quality and perf 1 - Assignment Example The data for the amount of time spent on each activity performed on the patient will be noted including transportation, waiting and the time spent on treatment. Also, comments from nurses, therapist and family-members of the patient will be noted to increase the efficiency of the project. Data collection will be a team work task among all the employees of all the departments. Each participant will note the time he spends on each activity and then submit the report to his respective department. All the final reports from each department will be organized in a â€Å"flow chart model with the timeline† as per organizational chart. The Quality Improvement Plan will be executed by the â€Å"Q-Team†. The team will consist of 6 senior members from each level of the organizational chart which includes the head of therapist, head of nurse, In charge of transportation, administrator, human resource manager and manager of strategic planning and financing. Head of the therapist will make sure that all the patients get the best care in an efficient manner considering the importance of time both for the organization and patient. Each therapist will fill a patient profile form mentioning the time spent on treatment and counseling. He then submits it to the head of therapist. In charge of the transportation will confirm that each patient will come to the centre, before his appointment time with the therapist. Transporters will note the time for transportation for each patient. Administrator will be in direct contact with the family members of the patient. In case of any complaint or request he will pass it on to the committee to refine the whole process. Any delays from the patients or complaints will be noted down and will be submitted to the committee later on. All the members of the committee being professional in their respective fields will utilize their

Gender, Authority and Dissent in English Mystical Writers Essay Example for Free

Gender, Authority and Dissent in English Mystical Writers Essay The Book of Margery Kempe certainly provoked an intense amount of controversy, not least in the present but in her own time as well; a debate that centred on her position as a mystic. This position entailed having true knowledge of God, to work towards a union with him where they would essentially become one. Margery Kempe, at the very least views herself to be one of Gods vessels through which He can allow her to experience spiritual visions and feelings. It is in her book that Kempe conveys through words what she considered to be the most significant of these experiences, in order that those who read them would derive great comfort and solace. It is Kempes individual and brilliant adaptation of what was originally a discipline for cloistered elites1 that draws attention to her. Yet it is this individual voice, the style she uses, and her firm relationship with the market world that questions her experiences of higher contemplation. Certainly Kempe does not conform to the solitary life of a conventional mystic, much like Richard Rolles statement of running off into the woods, and at one point she is even sorrowful and grieving because she has no company. Yet she uses many of her interactions with others to confirm her position as a mystic. She visits the revered mystic Julian of Norwich to seek advice as to whether her visions were genuine or not (Chapter 18), and receives confirmation from Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury. Essentially what it has been suggested that Kempe experiences is a higher level of contemplation positive mysticism. This was the search for God through human imagery, which insists on the physical as a legitimate means of access to the spiritual.2 Certainly one of the standard patterns in mystical experience were the feelings of love between the mystic and God which is often described as fire, hence Rolles Incendium Amoris. Kempe notes that there was an unquenchable fire of love which burnt full sore in her soul, and that Christ had set her soul all on fire with love. Thus the intensity of her visions can not be brought into question as she certainly shares with [the tradition] a mystical sense of God at work in human experiences.3 These human experiences included her own body, as she suffers illness and indulgences in self-mutilation, wearing a haircloth, fasting and even biting her hand so violently that she has to be tied down. However, the visions that Kempe experiences, as mystics viewed them as gifts, are not a product of studious praying and meditating. In most ways what she conveys is an imitation of what many female European mystics experienced, like Bridget of Sweden and Dorothy of Montou or Catherine of Siena. She seeks justification for her mystical standing by linking herself closely to others and, though illiterate receives much of her inspiration from such mystical texts as Incendium Amoris, Stimulus Amoris, and Walter Hiltons Scale of Perfection. However, as Glasscoe has pointed out, her spiritual experiences were not an easy thing for Kempe to meditate on. Whereas Hilton focused on inner spiritual growth, Kempe can only explain her transcendence through what was familiar to her the body.4 She even says that sometimes, what she understood physically was to be understood spiritually. Thus, whereas her visions may at many points seem extreme and even distasteful it does not necessarily mean that she was experiencing anything less than what is considered mystical. What also inspires Kempe, whilst also bringing into question her status as a mystic is the fact that she was a woman who was firmly placed in the world. David Aers describes her as an independent businesswoman, who before her initial vision was active in the market economy, investing money, organising public work and employing men.5 Mysticism was overwhelmingly contemplative, and there was not much spoke about the active life, with the exception of Walter Hiltons positive description of the mixed life. However instead of accepting that she is too busy with worldly occupations that must be attended to6, like Hilton proposed, Kempe integrates the economic world into her mysticism. Shelia Delany proposed that in her work one is constantly aware of the cash nexus. 7 This is true in the sense that Kempe even strikes a deal with Jesus, in the sense that he becomes the mediator between Kempes social responsibilities as a wife and her desire to lead the spiritual life. Through Christs help she can lead the chaste life by buying off her husband, hence paying off all his debts (Chapter 11. p.60). Atkinson, commented that what Kempe creates is a God, who controlled the economy of salvation, [and] functioned as a great banker of a merchant prince.8 Also Kempes drive for more is also indicative of her market drive values, in the same sense that she sees that by giving charity to her fellow Christians she will receive in heaven double reward. This unusual market driven line of thought is not the only factor that distinguishes her from her predecessors. Her style of writing is different and her visions are certainly unique. She actively takes part in many of the experiences, using speech, as Carol Coulson has suggested to inject herself into the holy narrative,9 even at one point acting as the handmaiden to God, and as a replacement to the biblical figure Mary Magdalene. Her first vision is also very personal, and in some ways domesticated. Jesus is said to have appeared in the likeness of a manclad in a mantle of purple silk, sitting upon her bedside. The Incarnation is taken to the extreme, where her visions sometimes sit outside the historical moments of the Bible and become part of her own world. Despite distancing herself by calling herself the creature throughout the text many have accused her work of being self-absorbed I have told you before that you are a singular lover of God, and therefore you shall have a singular love in heaven, a singular reward and a singular honour. Certainly her relations with God are very personal, and in many ways conveyed in sexual terms, as when Christ says to her Daughter, you greatly desire to see me, and you may boldly, when you are in bed, take me to you as your wedded husband. However, again this great pomp and pride, is said to emerge from her experience as a female within an urban class which fostered within her a strong sense of class identity and self-value.10 A self-value that she never really agrees to give up, thus because she refuses to traditionally quieten the self, Kempe does not sit comfortably as a mystic. Similarly she never really abandons her desire for worldly goods. She even admits in the first chapters that after her initial vision she refused to give up her worldly leisures, and still took delight in earthly things. This earthiness continues throughout the book. At one point she explains that she was embarrassed because she was not dressed as she would have liked to have been for lack of money, and wishing to go about unrecognised until she could arrange a loan she held a handkerchief in front of her face. This embarrassment does not hold well with the lower stage of mysticism in which the visionary is to dispel themselves of all earthly matters so that their soul is open to heaven. Her mysticism is driven to accumulate. She refuses to be content with the goods that God has sent her, whilst ever [desiring] more and more. From God she can attain spiritual status, whilst through her (fathers) social position she maintains earthly standing, thus she is caught between two (masculine) worlds. As David Aers has noted the market world never really receives rebuke in her mystical world, in fact it remains a natural part of it.11 Yet to see her as the victim of a capitalist society is, as Glasscoe maintains, to ignore her avowed purpose.12 Yet it is hard to ignore the element of hysteria in her work. She certainly experiences the traditional mystical dilemma that her visions will never be truly conveyed to those who stand outside it, that herself could never tell the grace that she felt, it was so heavenly, so high above her reason and her bodily witsthat she might never express it within her world like she felt it in her soul. However her Gift of Tears, in which she cries abundantly and violently, break quite brutally this silence of contemplation. It may be however that her loud screams and cries convey her devotion and justify her higher state. Certainly tradition showed that mystics thought of themselves as vehicles for suffering and their broken voices and lacerated bodies reflected the stress under which they laboured.13 Her crying brought attention to her being, even in her own time when crowds flocked to see her, becoming somewhat of a spectacle. These tears are almost a sign of her fertility in her contemplative life, and also justified in the Bible Psalm cxxvi, 5-6 says that they that sow in tears shall reap in joy. He that goeth forth and weepeth, bearing precious seed, shall doubtless come again with rejoicing Her tears therefore, although extreme and lead many throughout her work to rebuke her, are essentially a sign of grace demonstrating that the Incarnation for Kempe was an ever-present reality.14 Ursula Peters suggested that female mystics, through mysticism turned inward and [discovered] ways to describe their own experiences.15 In fact the role Kempe plays as a woman is very important to her whole mystical experience, and in some ways may even bring it into question. In her experiences with God she plays the wife, the mother, the sister and the daughter. When her husbands exclaims that she is no good wife it again demonstrates that Kempe struggled between two worlds, that of the spiritual and that of her family commitments. St Bernard once proclaimed that natural human feeling doesnt have to be suppressed but channelled into God, and in some ways this is exactly what Kempe achieves. By using the idea that she is a holy vessel she is able to assert herself as a woman in the highly competitive world quite drastically. She refuses to abandon her personality and quite forcefully, hence her adamant desire to be chaste, asserts who she is. The Church even attempted to denounce he r as a Lollard, which shows that she was a threatening (female) voice and the only way to quieten her was to denounce her as a heretic. Rather than being a mystical treatise, The Book of Margery Kempe is a narrative account, almost a story, or even an autobiography as many have stated it to be, in which she attempts to adopt the contemplative ideal of piety.16 In fact it is more than mysticism, it is the experiences of a woman trying to find her voice in a masculine social world, and the only way that she can achieve this is through having spiritual authority. Certainly her devotion can not be questioned, and she cant even predict herself when the intensity of Christs Passion will overwhelm her, be it sometime in the church, sometime in the street, sometime in the chamber, sometime in the field. Yet her extreme metaphors and use of language certainly bring into doubt her status as a mystic. As Susan Dickman has suggested prayers and visions certainly occupy the text, yet they are embedded in a larger structure17, namely how she was painfully drawn and steered, [her pilgrimage acting as a metaphor for her mystical journey] to enter the way of perfection. Certainly painfully is an apt description, leading many to criticise her as a charlatan, a terrible hysteric and even one who was possessed by the devil. Yet this account is from a very independent and highly spirited woman, who although struggled with her identity and sought the higher state to explore that larger structure of herself through God, was deeply devoted to her faith. In the end her piety was very ordinary, it is her style of conveyance however, the lack of the abstract vocabulary of Julian of Norwich, Rolle and the Cloud author18 that brings her status as a mystic into controversy. Bibliography Aers, David., Community Gender and Individual Identity in English Writing, 1360-1430 (London, 1988) Bancroft, A., The Luminous Vision: Six Medieval Mystics and their Teachings (London, 1982). Evans, Ruth and Johnson, Lesley (eds.)., Feminist Readings in Middle English Literature: The Wife of Bath and All Her Sect (London, 1994) Klapisch-Zuber, C (ed.)., Silences of the Middle-Ages (London 1992),447 Glasscoe, Marion (ed.)., The Medieval Mystical Tradition (Exeter, 1980) http://www.anamchara.com/mystics/kempe.htm http://www.ccel.org/h/hilton/ladder/ladder-PART_I.html http://www.sterling.holycross.edu/departments/visarts/projects/kempe/index.html Knowles, D., The English Mystical Tradition London (London, 1961) Meale, Carol. M., (ed.)., Women and Literature in Britain 1150-1500 (Cambridge, 1993) 1 C. Klapisch-Zuber, Silences of the Middle Ages (London 1992),160 2 J.Long., Mysticism and hysteria: the histories of Margery Kempe and Anna O, in Feminist Readings in Middle English Literature, ed. R.Evans et al. (London, 1994),100 3 M. Glasscoe, English Medieval Mystics: Games of Faith (London, 1993),268. 4 M. Glasscoe, English Medieval Mystics: Games of Faith (London, 1993), 268. 5 D. Aers, Community, Gender and Individual Identity English Writing 1360-1430 (London, 1988), 112. 6 http://www.ccel.org/h/hilton/ladder/ladder-PART_I.html 7 J.Long., Mysticism and hysteria: the histories of Margery Kempe and Anna O, in Feminist Readings in Middle English Literature, ed. R.Evans et al. (London, 1994), 87-111 8 D. Aers, Community, Gender and Individual Identity English Writing 1360-1430 (London, 1988), 106 9 http://www.anamchara.com/mystics/kempe.html 10 D. Aers, Community, Gender and Individual Identity English Writing 1360-1430 (London, 1988),115. 11 Ibid. 12 M. Glasscoe, English Medieval Mystics: Games of Faith (London, 1993), 275. 13 C. Klapisch-Zuber, Silences of the Middle Ages (London 1992),446 14 M. Glasscoe, English Medieval Mystics: Games of Faith (London, 1993), 276. 15 C. Klapisch-Zuber, Silences of the Middle Ages (London 1992),447 16 http://www.anamchara.com/mystics/kempe.htm 17 S. Dickman., Margery Kempe and The English Devotional Tradition, in The Medieval Mystical Tradition, ed. M. Glasscoe (Exeter, 1980), 156-172 18 M. Glasscoe, English Medieval Mystics: Games of Faith (London, 1993), 272.