Chapter 2 Exercises & Case Exercises Essay

1. Consider the statement: an individual threat agent, like a hacker, can be a factor in more than one threat category. If a hacker hacks into a network, copies a few files, defaces the Web page, and steals credit card numbers, how many different threat categories does this attack fall into? a. Overall, I believe this attack falls into four major threat categories: deliberate acts of trespass, compromises to intellectual property, technical failures, and managerial failure. Furthermore, I believe this attack would be categorized as a deliberate act of theft/trespass which compromises intellectual property due to technical and managerial failures. b. It seems as this hacker was deliberately causing harm (i.e. copying files, vandalizing the web page, and theft of credit card numbers); due to their method of entry – hacking into a network – it leaves me to believe there were some technical failures, such as software vulnerabilities or a trap door. However, that is just one possibility as to what could have occurred. This could have also been a managerial failure; say the unknown hacker used social engineering to obtain the information to gain access to the network – proper planning and procedure execution could have potentially thwarted this hacker†™s attack. 2. Using the Web, research Mafiaboy’s exploits. When and how did he compromise sites? How was he caught? c. Michael Demon Calce, also known as Mafiaboy, was a high school student from West Island, Quebec, who launched a series of highly publicized DDoS (denial-of-service) attacks in February 2000 against large commercial websites including: Yahoo!, Fifa.com, Amazon.com, Dell, Inc., E*Trade, eBay, and CNN. Calce also attempted to launch a series of simultaneous attacks against nine of the thirteen root name servers. d. On February 7th, 2000, Calce targeted Yahoo! With a project he named â€Å"Rivolta† – meaning riot in Italian. This project utilized a denial of service cyber-attack in which servers become overloaded with different types of communications, to the point in which they completely shut down. Calce managed to shut down the multibillion dollar company and the web’s top search engine for almost an hour. His goal was to establish dominance for himself and TNT – his cybergroup. Over the next week, Calce also brought down eBay, CNN, Amazon and Dell via the same DDoS attack. e. Calce’s actions were under suspicion when the FBI and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police noticed posts in an IRC chatroom which bragged/claimed responsibility for the attacks. He became the chief suspect when he claimed to have brought down Dell’s website, an attack not yet publicized at the time. Information on the source of the attacks was initially discovered and reported to the press by Michael Lyle, chief technology officer of Recourse Technologies. Calce initially denied responsibility but later pled guilty to most of the charges brought against him – the Montreal Youth Court sentenced him on September 12, 2001 to eight months of â€Å"open custody,† one year of probation, restricted use of the Internet, and a small fine. It is estimated that these attacks caused $1.2 billion dollars in global economic damages. 3. Search the Web for the â€Å"The Official Phreaker’s Manual.† What information contained in this manual might help a security administrator to protect a communications system? f. A security administrator is a specialist in computer and network security, including the administration of security devices such as firewalls, as well as consulting on general security measures. g. Phreaking is a slang term coined to describe the activity of a culture of people who study, experiment with, or explore telecommunication systems, such as equipment and systems connected to public telephone networks. Since telephone networks have become computerized, phreaking has become closely linked with computer hacking. i. Example of Phreaking: Using various audio frequencies to manipulate a phone system. h. Overall, a security administrator could use this manual to gain knowledge of terms associated with phreaking and the in’s & outs of the process (i.e. how it is executed). However, the security administrator should focus on Chapter 10 – â€Å"War on Phreaking† – this section (pg 71-73) deals with concepts such as access, â€Å"doom,† tracing, and security. An administrator could reverse engineer this information to protect his/her systems from such attacks. 4. The chapter discussed many threats and vulnerabilities to information security. Using the Web, find at least two other sources of information on threat and vulnerabilities. Begin with www.securityfocus.com and use a keyword search on â€Å"threats.† i. http://www.darkreading.com/vulnerability-threats ii. Dark Reading’s Vulnerabilities and Threats Tech Center is your resource for breaking news and information on the latest potential threats and technical vulnerabilities affecting today’s IT environment. Written for security and IT professionals, the Vulnerabilities and Threats Tech Center is designed to provide in-depth information on newly-discovered network and application vulnerabilities, potential cybersecurity exploits, and security research results j. http://www.symantec.com/security_response/ iii. Our security research centers around the world provide unparalleled analysis of and protection from IT security threats that include malware, security risks, vulnerabilities, and spam. 5. Using the categories of threats mentioned in this chapter, as well as the various attacks described, review several current media sources and identify examples of each. k. Acts of human error or failure: iv. Students and staff were told in February that some 350,000 of them could have had their social security numbers and financial information exposed on the internet. v. â€Å"It happened during an upgrade of some of our IT systems. We were upgrading a server and through human error there was a misconfiguration in the setting up of that server,† said UNCC spokesman, Stephen Ward. l. Compromises to intellectual property: vi. Today we bring news of action against a site that supplied links to films, music and games hosted on file-hosters all around the world. Authorities say they have charged three individuals said to be the administrators of a very large file-sharing site. vii. To get an idea of the gravity local police are putting on the case, we can compare some recent stats. According to US authorities Megaupload, one of the world’s largest websites at the time, cost rightsholders $500m. GreekDDL (according to Alexa Greece’s 63rd largest site) allegedly cost rightsholders $85.4m. m. Deliberate acts of espionage or trespass: viii. The individual responsible for one of the most significant leaks in US political history is Edward Snowden, a 29-year-old former technical assistant for the CIA and current employee of the defense contractor Booz Allen Hamilton. Snowden has been working at the National Security Agency for the last four years as an employee of various outside contractors, including Booz Allen and Dell. ix. Snowden will go down in history as one of America’s most consequential whistleblowers, alongside Daniel Ellsberg and Bradley Manning. He is responsible for handing over material from one of the world’s most secretive organization – the NSA. x. Additional, interesting, read: http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57600000/edward-snowdens-digital-maneuvers-still-stumping-u.s-government/ 1. The government’s forensic investigation is wrestling with Snowden’s apparent ability to defeat safeguards established to monitor and deter people looking at information without proper permission. n. Deliberate acts of information extortion: xi. Hackers claimed to have breached the systems of the Belgian credit provider Elantis and threatened to publish confidential customer information if the bank does not pay $197,000 before Friday, they said in a statement posted to Pastebin. Elantis confirmed the data breach Thursday, but the bank said it will not give in to extortion threats. xii. The hackers claim to have captured login credentials and tables with online loan applications which hold data such as full names, job descriptions, contact information, ID card numbers and income figures. xiii. According to the hackers the data was stored unprotected and unencrypted on the servers. To prove the hack, parts of what they claimed to be captured customer data were published. o. Deliberate acts of sabotage or vandalism: xiv. Fired Contractor Kisses Off Fannie Mae With Logic Bomb xv. Rajendrasinh Babubha Makwana, a former IT contractor at Fannie Mae who was fired for making a coding mistake, was charged this week with placing a â€Å"logic bomb† within the company’s Urbana, Md., data center in late October of last year. The malware was set to go into effect at 9 a.m. EST Saturday and would have disabled internal monitoring systems as it did its damage. Anyone logging on to Fannie Mae’s Unix server network after that would have seen the words â€Å"Server Graveyard† appear on their workstation screens. p. Deliberate acts of theft: xvi. Four Russian nationals and a Ukrainian have been charged with running a sophisticated hacking organization that penetrated computer networks of more than a dozen major American and international corporations over seven years, stealing and selling at least 160 million credit and debit card numbers, resulting in losses of hundreds of millions of dollars. q. Deliberate software attacks: xvii. China Mafia-Style Hack Attack Drives California Firm to Brink xviii. A group of hackers from China waged a relentless campaign of cyber harassment against Solid Oak Software Inc., Milburn’s family-owned, eight-person firm in Santa Barbara, California. The attack began less than two weeks after Milburn publicly accused China of appropriating his company’s parental filtering software, CYBERsitter, for a national Internet censoring project. And it ended shortly after he settled a $2.2 billion lawsuit against the Chinese government and a string of computer companies last April. xix. In between, the hackers assailed Solid Oak’s computer systems, shutting down web and e-mail servers, spying on an employee with her webcam, and gaining access to sensitive files in a battle that caused company revenues to tumble and brought it within a hair’s breadth of collapse. r. Forces of nature: xx. Websites Scramble As Hurricane Sandy Floods Data Centers xxi. The freak storm flooded data centers in New York City, taking down several major websites and services — including The Huffington Post, Buzzfeed and Gawker — that depended on them to run their businesses. xxii. Several websites stored their data at a lower Manhattan data center run by Datagram, whose basement was inundated with water during the storm, flooding generators that were intended to keep the power on. s. Deviations in quality of service from service providers: xxiii. China’s Internet hit by biggest cyberattack in its history xxiv. Internet users in China were met with sluggish response times early Sunday as the country’s domain extension came under a â€Å"denial of service† attack. xxv. The attack was the largest of its kind ever in China, according to the China Internet Network Information Center, a state agency that manages the .cn country domain. xxvi. The double-barreled attacks took place at around 2 a.m. Sunday, and then again at 4 a.m. The second attack was â€Å"long-lasting and large-scale,† according to state media, which said that service was slowly being restored. t. Technical hardware failures or errors: xxvii. A hardware failure in a Scottish RBS Group technology center caused a NatWest bank outage. xxviii. It prevented customers from using online banking services or doing debit card transactions. u. Technical software failure or errors: xxix. RBS boss blames software upgrade for account problems xxx. The boss of RBS has confirmed that a software change was responsible for the widespread computer problems affecting millions of customers’ bank accounts. v. Technological obsolescence: xxxi. SIM Cards Have Finally Been Hacked, And The Flaw Could Affect Millions Of Phones xxxii. After three years of research, German cryptographer Karsten Nohl claims to have finally found encryption and software flaws that could affect millions of SIM cards, and open up another route on mobile phones for surveillance and fraud. Case Exercises Soon after the board of directors meeting, Charlie was promoted to Chief Information Security Officer, a new position that reports to the CIO, Gladys Williams, and that was created to provide leadership for SLS’s efforts to improve its security profile. Questions: 1. How do Fred, Gladys, and Charlie perceive the scope and scale of the new information security effort? a. Charlie’s proposed information security plan aims at securing business software, data, the networks, and computers which store information. The scope of the information security effort is quite vast, aiming at securing each vulnerability – in addition to the aforementioned, the new information security plan also focuses on the company’s staff. Since extra effort will be required to implement the new managerial plan and install new security software and tools, the scale of this operation is quite large. 2. How will Fred measure success when he evaluates Gladys’ performance for this project? How will he evaluate Charlie’s performance? b. Gladys is appointed as CIO of the team, which is gathered to improve the security of the company due to virus attack that caused a loss in the company; I believe Fred will measure Gladys success by her ability t o lead, keep the plan on track (i.e. time management) and successfully sticking to the proposed budget. Charlie was promoted to chief information security officer, a new position that reports to the CIO; I believe Fred will measure Charlie’s success by his ability to implement the new plan, report his/their progress and the overall success of the new system. 3. Which of the threats discussed in this chapter should receive Charlie’s attention early in his planning process? c. Portable Media Management (Ex. USB, DVD-R/W) should receive Charlie’s attention early in his planning process

Nostalgia in “Where I Come from”

â€Å"Where I Come From† is a poem in which Elizabeth Brewster expresses her nostalgic emotions and yearning for the tranquility and yearning for the nature of her hometown. The vivid imagery, which stimulates the readers' senses plays an important role in intensifying the vehemence of her emotions. Brewster also expresses her nostalgia in a way that makes readers empathic with her strong yearning. The lack of rhyming scheme in this piece conveys a sense of fickleness and uniqueness. People are made of places,† she says, which I believe specifically meaner that people re made of places that they belong to, that people do not â€Å"carry with them hints of† manmade cities and skyscrapers because they do not belong there, but they belong in the â€Å"Jungles and mountains† as mankind itself is a piece of nature. Furthermore, Brewster uses â€Å"people† as a metaphor for herself, thus being the reason for her intense yearning. â€Å"Smell of smog† in the fourth line radiates a strong imagery of the blurry matter, blinding people from the pathway of their goals.Therefore, the phrase represents Brewster melancholy and strong sense of uncertainty. Her description of the scent f spring as â€Å"the almost-not-smell of tulips† conveys a sense of disappointment as not even a single whole thing of nature remains in the synthetic world of the modern age. Brewster then mentions the scent of museums, the scent of old, once-functional items that are kept only for the sake of history. This serves as a medium to further convey her nostalgia.She then mentions the scent of â€Å"work, glue factories†, â€Å"chromium-plated offices†, and â€Å"subways†. Her choice of mentioning only the dullest and most mundane scents of the contemporary realm depicts her dissatisfaction tit it, in comparison to what her old settlement had to offer. â€Å"Burned-out†, â€Å"old†, and â€Å"battered†, she des cribes her hometown, yet she still yearns for it. From this, it is concluded that it is not the quality of the items she seeks, but the tranquility and beauty.Brewster included the very fragrant and soothing scent of â€Å"pine woods† and â€Å"blueberry†, further strengthening the former point. â€Å"With yards where hens and chickens circle about,† she says. The image of the Jaunty animals provides an aura of mirthful glee, which is precisely what she experiences while being in the less hectic environment. She also stated that the â€Å"hens and chickens† are â€Å"clucking aimlessly†, depicting a sense of insouciance. Therefore, her wistfulness is caused by her longing for the blithe and airy nature of her hometown. Spring and winter are the mind's chief seasons†; in this line, Brewster has started to tolerate with the circumstance she is place in in that present and that the benefit in simply yearning is nonexistent. â€Å"Ice and the br eaking of ice† symbolisms her adamantly of belonging in a place of nature, as it starts to fade, thus exposing herself Brewster then allows the door to her memories to â€Å"blow open† and let the â€Å"frosty mind† that is her haunting memories to be blown and fade away.Her description of her memories as â€Å"frosty† depicts her acknowledgement and awareness of how her nostalgia has turned her into an aloof person whose gaze illustrates none but melancholy. In conclusion, this poem is the tale of Elizabeth Brewster momentary misery and despair due to her nostalgia, which she overcomes as she realizes that the past is not all there is, which is the fickle element of the poem. Therefore, this poem is not a mere chronicle, but Brewster message of counsel too.

Characteristics of a National Hero

Executive Summary No jurisprudence. executive order or announcement has been enacted or issued officially proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as a national hero. However. because of their important functions in the procedure of state edifice and parts to history. there were Torahs enacted and announcements issued honouring these heroes. Even Jose Rizal. considered as the greatest among the Filipino heroes. was non explicitly proclaimed as a national hero. The place he now holds in Philippine history is a testimonial to the continued fear or acclaim of the people in acknowledgment of his part to the important societal transmutations that took topographic point in our state. Aside from Rizal. the lone other hero given an implied acknowledgment as a national hero is Andres Bonifacio whose twenty-four hours of birth on November 30 has been made a national vacation. Despite the deficiency of any official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national heroes. they remain admired and revered for their functions in Philippine history. Heroes. harmonizing to historiographers. should non be legislated. Their grasp should be better left to faculty members. Acclaim for heroes. they felt. would be recognition plenty. 1. Choice and Proclamation of National Heroes 1. 1 National Heroes Committee On March 28. 1993. President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No. 75 entitled â€Å"Creating the National Heroes Committee Under the Office of the President† . The chief responsibility of the Committee is to analyze. measure and urge Filipino national personages/heroes in due acknowledgment of their sterling character and singular accomplishments for the state. 1. 2 Findingss and Recommendations of the National Heroes Committee In conformity with Executive Order No. 75 dated March 28. 1993. the National Heroes Committee submitted its findings and recommendations. 1. 2. 1 Criteria for National Heroes The Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee held a series of meetings on June 3. 1993. August 19. 1993. September 12. 1994 and November 15. 1995. specifying. discussing and considering upon the virtues of the assorted definitions and standards of a hero. The Committee adopted the undermentioned standards as footing for historical research workers in finding who among the great Filipinos will be officially proclaimed as national heroes: Standards for National Heroes ( Adopted by the Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee on June 3. 1993. Manila. Members of the Committee included Drs. Onofre D. Corpuz. Samuel K. Tan. Marcelino Foronda. Alfredo Lagmay. Bernardita R. Churchill. Serafin D. Quiason. Ambeth Ocampo. so known as Dom Ignacio Maria. Prof. Minerva Gonzales and Mrs. Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil ) 1. Heros are those who have a construct of state and thenceforth aspire and battle for the nation’s freedom. Our ain battle for freedom was begun by Bonifacio and finished by Aguinaldo. the latter officially declaring the revolution’s success. In world. nevertheless. a revolution has no terminal. Revolutions are merely the beginning. One can non draw a bead on to be free merely to drop back into bondage. 2. Heros are those who define and contribute to a system or life of freedom and order for a state. Freedom without order will merely take to anarchy. Therefore. heroes are those who make the nation’s fundamental law and Torahs. such as Mabini and Recto. To the latter. fundamental laws are merely the beginning. for it is the people populating under the fundamental law that genuinely constitute a state. 3. Heros are those who contribute to the quality of life and fate of a state. ( As defined by Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz ) Extra Criteria for Heroes( Adopted by the Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee on November 15. 1995. Manila ) 1. A hero is portion of the people’s look. But the procedure of a people’s internalisation of a hero’s life and works takes clip. with the young person organizing a portion of the internalisation. 2. A hero thinks of the hereafter. particularly the future coevalss. 3. The pick of a hero involves non merely the relation of an episode or events in history. but of the full procedure that made this peculiar individual a hero. ( As defined by Dr. Alfredo Lagmay ) 1. 2. 2 Historical Figures Recommended as National Heroes On November 15. 1995. the Technical Committee after deliberation and careful survey based on Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz’ and Dr. Alfredo Lagmay’s standards selected the undermentioned nine Filipino historical figures to be recommended as National Heroes: a. Jose Rizalb. Andres Bonifacioc. Emilio Aguinaldod. Apolinario Mabinie. Marcelo H. del Pilarf. Sultan Dipatuan Kudaratg. Juan Lunah. Melchora Aquinoi. Gabriela Silang 1. 2. 3 Status of the Report/Recommendations Submitted by the National Heroes Committee. Since the entry of the report/recommendations by the National Heroes Committee to so Secretary Ricardo T. Gloria of the Department of Education. Culture and Sports on November 22. 1995. no action has been taken. This was likely because this might trip a inundation of petitions for announcements. Another possibility is that the announcements can trip acrimonious arguments affecting historical contentions about the heroes. 2. Laws Honoring/ Commemorating Filipino Historical Figures 2. 1 Heros 2. 1. 1 Jose Rizal 2. 1. 1. 1 Decree of December 20. 1898. issued by General Emilio Aguinaldo. declared December 30 of every twelvemonth a twenty-four hours of national bereavement in award of Dr. Jose Rizal and other victims of the Filipino Revolution. 2. 1. 1. 2 Act No. 137. which organized the politico-military territory of Morong into the Province of Rizal. was the first official measure taken by the Taft Commission to honour our greatest hero and sufferer. 2. 1. 2 Andres Bonifacio 2. 1. 2. 1 Act No. 2946. enacted by the Filipino Legislature on February 16. 1921. made November 30 of each twelvemonth a legal vacation to mark the birth of Andres Bonifacio 2. 1. 2. 2 Act No. 2760. issued on February 23. 1918. confirmed and ratified all stairss taken for the creative activity. care. betterment of national memorials and peculiarly for the hard-on of a memorial to the memory of Andres Bonifacio 2. 1. 3 Other Heros 2. 1. 3. 1 Act No. 3827. enacted by the Filipino Legislature on October 28. 1931. declared the last Sunday of August of every twelvemonth as National Heroes Day. 2. 1. 3. 2 Proclamation No. 510. issued by Pres. Fidel V. Ramos on November 30. 1994. declared the twelvemonth 1996 as the twelvemonth of Filipino Heroes as a testimonial to all Filipinos who. straight and indirectly. gave significance and drift to the cause of freedom. justness. Filipino independency and nationhood. 2. 1. 3. 3 R. A. No. 9070. April 8. 2001. declaring the eighteenth of December of every twelvemonth as a particular working public vacation throughout the state to be known as the Graciano Lopez-Jaena Day 2. 2 Other Historical Figures 2. 2. 1 R. A. No. 6701. February 10. 1989. declaring September One of every twelvemonth. the decease day of remembrance of Gregorio Aglipay y Labayan. as Gregorio L. Aglipay Day and a particular non-working vacation in the Municipality of Batac. Province of Ilocos Norte 2. 2. 2 R. A. No. 7285. March 24. 1992. declaring February Nineteen of each twelvemonth as Dona Aurora Aragon Quezon Day a particular nonworking vacation in the Province of Aurora in order to mark the birth day of remembrance of Dona Aurora Aragon Quezon. the first President of the Philippine National Red Cross. and Foundation Day of the State 2. 2. 3 R. A. No. 7805. September 1. 1994. declaring January 28 of every twelvemonth as a non-working particular public vacation in the City of Cavite to be known as Julian Felipe Day 2. 2. 4 R. A. No. 7950. March 25. 1995. declaring December Eighteen of every twelvemonth as â€Å"Araw ng Laguna† and a particular on the job twenty-four hours in the Province of Laguna and the City of San Pablo to mark the memory and decease of the late Governor Felicisimo T. San Luis 2. 2. 5 R. A. No. 9067. April 8. 2001. declaring April 15 of every twelvemonth as President Manuel A. Roxas Day which shall be observed as a particular working public vacation in the Province of Capiz and the City of Roxas *From the Reference and Research Bureau Legislative Research Service. House of Congress WHAT IS A NATIONAL HERO?On our national hero’s 150 birth day of remembrance. I am forced to rethink my reply to this inquiry one time more. In the non so distant yesteryear. there has been a batch of inquiry as to why Dr. Jose Rizal is the country’s national hero. Renato Constantino argues that he is an American-sponsored hero ; that Rizal symbolized non-violence and peaceable promotion of reforms. traits that the American residents wanted for Filipinos to follow and therefore forestall farther rebellions against their hegemony. Others have hailed Andres Bonifacio as the â€Å"true† national hero for forming the first Filipino authorities and taking the first anti-colonial revolution in Asia. The Retraction Controversy has besides placed uncertainties on Rizal’s patriotism and his anti-clerical stance. The inquiries stem from the fact that our usual impression of a national hero is person who is brave. strong. able-bodied. and leads a military force into w ar against a colonial/imperial power — people such as George Washington. Simon Bolivar. or Sun Yat Sen. Apparently. machismo is still in the mind most Filipinos. This impression has to alter in our clip when even the smallest workss of selflessness can be considered gallantry. In my sentiment. for one to be a hero. one must give him/herself for the release its people or as an drift of such release. Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo falls under this class. both holding bravely fought the Spaniards in the battleground. However. Andres Bonifacio neer won any of his conflicts and normally goes off to salvage himself one time his forces are routed. He truly sees it of import that people’s leader remains alive at the terminal of the conflict instead than give life and limb. The same manner with Emilio Aguinaldo who alternatively of confronting the Americans in the battleground. has decided to evade them until his apprehension in Palanan and subsequent pledge of commitment to the United States. Dr. Jose Rizal is possibly the prototype of such self-sacrifice though. He sacrifices his love life and a quiet life to garner cognition around the universe that would be helpful in the battle for reforms in the state. He translates celebrated literary plants into Filipino for his countrymen to see ( such as plants by Hans Christian Andersen and Schiller ) and labours to guarantee a just position about his state abroad ( such as footnoting Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas ) . He uses his ain luck. clip and attempt to care for his countrymen. as he did when he opened his clinic in Hong Kong or in Dapitan. He enlightens his people about their position in society by composing the Noli and the Fili. His ultimate forfeit possibly is when he refuses to be saved by Bonifacio’s revolution and alternatively gives his ain life at executing so that the revolution can hold the ultimate inspiration. Both Bonifacio and Aguinaldo recognized his forfeits by idolizing him as the revolution’s inspiration. Aguinaldo was foremost to declare him national hero in 1898. even before the Americans â€Å"sponsored† it. Rizal’s selflessness has been modeled throughout history by other heroes. such as Manuel L. Quezon ( who sacrificed clip. money and attempt for the constitution of the Commonwealth ) . Jose P. Laurel ( who sacrificed repute to join forces with the enemy and salvage more Filipinos from the Japanese ) . Ninoy Aquino ( who sacrificed his life at blackwash so that the People Power Revolution could force through ) and Efren Penaflorida ( who sacrificed clip. money and attempt to learn the street kids of Cavite ) . In the terminal. there is no uncertainty that Rizal is the first to visualize himself and his state as a state of Filipinos and to continue its autonomy from the residents. At his 150th birth day of remembrance. Dr. Jose Rizal will stay as the bosom o f the Philippine revolution and the Philippine national hero. Originally posted at hypertext transfer protocol: //soksay. blogspot. com On December 20. 1898. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. as caput of the Philippine Revolutionary Government. issued a decree proclaiming Dec. 30 of every twelvemonth a national twenty-four hours of mourning in award of Dr. Jose Rizal and the other sufferer of the revolution against Spain. This was merely two old ages after the executing of the hero by the Spanish colonial authorities. On Feb. 16. 1921. the members of the Filipino Legislature passed Act No. 2496. proclaiming Nov. 30 of every twelvemonth a legal vacation to mark the birth of Andres Bonifacio. laminitis of the Katipunan. This was merely 25 old ages after the launching of the nationalist revolution against Spain by the Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan ( Highest Honorable Association of Children of the Nation ) . or Katipunan. Since so. the names of Rizal and Bonifacio have led the parade of celebrated and valiant heroes honored by coevalss of Filipinos for their parts to national integrity. freed om and societal advancement. Revisionist positionsBut since the 1960s. there has arisen a revisionist historical tendency oppugning the standing of both Rizal and Bonifacio in the vanguard of that parade of heroes. One school of idea contends that Rizal was non worthy to be considered our first national hero because he was â€Å"made in USA. † In an article written in 1970. coroneted â€Å"Veneration Without Understanding. † the historian Renato Constantino referred to Rizal as an â€Å"American-sponsored hero. † This point of view was expressed during the period of societal and political activism led by pupils. workers and provincials against the brewing Marcos absolutism and against the American war on Vietnam as an look of renascent US imperialism. Constantino claimed that US Governor General Howard Taft set up Rizal as a national hero because Rizal was considered a â€Å"reformist† and a â€Å"pacifist. † while Bonifacio was a revolutionist who resorted to violence to derive national independency. Since the US colonial swayers of course wanted to deter revolution against their government. they chose Rizal over Bonifacio as the Philippines’ national hero. The message was interpreted by the militants as reflecting their position that it was Bonifacio who most deserved the rubric of No. 1 Filipino hero. The Taft Commission. which functioned as the US colonial disposal in the Philippines from 1900 to 1904. passed Act No. 37. making the State of Rizal out of the military territory of Morong in award of Dr. Rizal. The act did non officially declare Rizal a national hero. nor proclaim a national vacation in his award. Besides. the Taft Commission represented a foreign authorities that had gained power through for ce and could non talk for the Filipino people. Popular sentiment General Aguinaldo. acknowledged leader of the de facto Philippine Republic. proclaimed Rizal a national hero in front of the American colonial disposal. In conformity with his edict of Dec. 20. 1898. the people of Daet. Camarines Norte. instantly started a subscription for the edifice of a memorial for Dr. Rizal at the town’s place. The memorial was inaugurated in February 1899. shortly after the eruption of the Philippine-American War on Feb. 1. Hence. the announcement of Rizal as a national hero was an reliable act of the Filipino people even before the United States officially consolidated its regulation. By no agencies can it be said that he was an â€Å"American-sponsored† hero. If at all. in purportedly taking Rizal as our national hero. Taft was merely staying by the popular sentiment of the Filipino people as already expressed through General Aguinaldo. whose authorities was so autonomous throughout the full state. except in Manila. The announcement of Bonifacio as a national hero was made by the Filipino Legislature. composed of duly elected Filipino representatives of the Filipino Legislature. so basking self-government under the American colonial government. He. excessively. should be considered a echt pick of the Filipinos as a national hero despite the expostulation of the American disposal that he was excessively much of a revolutionist. Bonifacio revisedBonifacio. like Rizal. has besides suffered from historical revisionism. The most recent revisionist composing about Bonifacio was that by Bryan C. Paraiso. a senior historical sites development officer of the National Historical Commission. In Paraiso’s article published by the Filipino Daily Inquirer on Nov. 30. 2012. on the juncture of Bonifacio’s 149th birth day of remembrance. the hero reveals fervor in his Hagiographas. Paraiso described Bonifacio as an â€Å"elusive† historical character. Paraiso went so far as to favourably cite an American historiographer. Glenn Anthony May. that â€Å"the Bonifacio celebrated in history text editions and memorialized in statues around the Philippines is in world something closer to a national myth. † May. who has written a figure of controversial books on Philippine history stressing the function of the elite in the Filipino revolution and in the armed opposition against American business. is a h istory professor at the University of Oregon. Paraiso rejected the judgement of Filipino historiographers like Epifanio de los Santos. who had tried to justify the image of Bonifacio against his disparagers. Paraiso considered the Hagiographas of De los Santos and other Filipino historiographers â€Å"subjective† reading. connoting that the foreigners’ reading of Philippine history is â€Å"objective. † In fact. the observations of the American historiographers on our anticolonial battles could merely every bit good transport prejudice to warrant the colonial conquerings of our state. But is it necessary and helpful for Filipinos to oppose their heroes against each other. infinitely debating who are more deserving of popular worship? Unique function Every hero plays his ain alone function in history. which is that to support and advance the involvements of the state at any peculiar clip of national crisis. giving his or her ain life and opportunism. George Washington and Abraham Lincoln are both American primary heroes executing different functions at different times in their country’s historical development. They. excessively. had their critics. Rizal consciously planted and nourished the seed of patriotism. In his novels. essays and announcements he promoted the thought of freedom and the contingency of national independency. At first Rizal advocated reforms. But when the supplication for reforms failed. he advocated independency. even through revolution. This is apparent in his novel â€Å"Noli Me Tangere. † which emphasized reforms. and its subsequence. â€Å"El Filibusterismo. † which preached revolution. Rizal’s chief essays. â€Å"The Indolence of the Filipinos. † and â€Å"The Philippi nes a Century Hence. † argued for an terminal to colonialism. by reforms if possible. and. if non. through revolution. Bonifacio read the novels of Rizal and perchance his two chauvinistic essays that were published by La Solidaridad. the periodical of reformer Filipino emigres in Madrid. which Rizal had joined but which he subsequently left when he eventually realized that their agitation for reforms were falling on the deaf ears. It was so that Rizal wrote the â€Å"Fili. † La Liga Filipina It was Rizal’s Hagiographas and his turning repute as a leader of Filipino patriotism that led Bonifacio in 1892 to fall in Rizal’s La Liga Filpina. an organisation that was in kernel a shadow authorities for an independent state. The organisation of the Liga by Rizal was cited in the indictment against him as one of the Acts of the Apostless of lese majesty he allegedly had committed against the Spanish government. The declared purposes of the Liga. including. â€Å"To unite the whole archipelago into one compact. vigorous and homogeneous organic structure. † were right interpreted by the Spanish governments as an effort at segregation. This led the Spanish authorities to expatriate Rizal to the speeds of Mindanao. He was finally executed upon strong belief of lese majesty. In his memoirs of the Filipino Revolution. Apolinario Mabini recalled that he met Bonifacio at the organisation of the Liga. After Rizal’s ostracism on July 6. 1892. Bonifacio and a smattering of other members of the Liga tried to maintain it alive by go oning to beg parts for La Solidaridad. Mabini. was elected secretary of the Supreme Council of the Liga after Rizal’s apprehension. He subsequently became president of the Cabinet of President Aguinaldo and secretary of foreign personal businesss in the first Philippine Republic that fought the United States for independency. The late former Sen. Claro M. Recto. the greatest Filipino patriot of our clip. in a address in 1960 to a civic convention in Baguio City. identified â€Å"Rizal. the poet. mind. realist ; Bonifacio. the idealist adult male of action ; and Mabini. the solon. † as â€Å"three of the greatest patriots this state has produced. † Katipunan When the Liga eventually dissolved because of dissensions among its officers. Bonifacio formed the Katipunan. which was wholly dedicated to the aim of subverting the Spanish colonial authorities through armed revolution. Bonifacio had come to the decision that the period for requests had ended. and that revolution had become an imperative. The Katipunan was hence a direct branch of the Liga Filipina. Bonifacio used the name of â€Å"Jose Rizal† as one of the watchwords for the members of the secret society. It was an recognition by Bonifacio that Rizal was his wise man and inspiration. if non his leader. All revolutions start out with requests for reforms. Thus it was with the Gallic. Russian and American revolutions. The US Declaration of Independence provinces: â€Å"In every province of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most low footings: Our perennial Requests have been answered merely by perennial hurt. † The rejection of the requests for reforms by the La Solidaridad propagandists. including representation in the Spanish parliament. paved the manner for the bloody Katipunan revolution for segregation. In his seminal essay. â€Å"The Philippines A Century Hence. † published by La Solidaridad from Sept. 30. 1898. to Feb. 1. 1890. Rizal wrote that if the reforms were non granted. â€Å"the Philippines one twenty-four hours will declare herself necessarily and unmistakably independent †¦ . Necessity is the strongest God the universe knows. and necessity is the consequence of physical Torahs put into action by moral forces. † Rizal planted the seed of revolution. and Bonifacio watered it. They were the twins of historical necessity. The moral force of history brought them together. each to carry through doomed functions in the battle of our people for nation-building and independency. That their bequests should be made to vie against each other goes against the jurispru dence of history. which mandates that each historical figure. like every coevals. has a definite function to play in the fate of a state. Divide and regulation Revisionists are using the time-honoured colonial maneuver of â€Å"divide and rule† to enforce and perpetuate their laterality over conquered peoples. Those who play this game. opposing our heroes against each other. and seting seeds of intuition about their worth. are playing the game of our former colonial Masterss. As Recto said in the same address. â€Å"A steadfast belief in the mastermind of our race and in the capacity of the people for advancement toward the attainment of their fate is another basic constituent of patriotism. † Destroy that patriotism and you destroy the state. After all. colonialism does non stop in the mere overthrow of the colonial power. Colonial establishments are left behind. particularly after 400 old ages of foreign domination ( 350 by the Spaniards and 50 by the Americans ) . There are leftovers of colonialism that must be swept off wholly before the colonial topics can be wholly free. particularly when they are embedded in the wonts o f the head. The devastation of the characters of national heroes are equivalent to undermine of the nation’s strength and baronial intents. Continued attempts to eliminate the message of Rizal by prophesying that he had retracted his Hagiographas is a blind to destruct patriotism. The same goes with attempts to mythologise the character of Rizal’s spouse in patriotism and revolution. Bonifacio. Bertolt Brecht. European poet and dramatist. in his drama. â€Å"Galileo. † has written. â€Å"Unhappy the land that needs heroes. † The Philippines is an unhappy land of wretchedness. poorness and underdevelopment. It needs heroes. Why destruct them? Paraiso denigrated Bonifacio even on the juncture of his decease day of remembrance. which the state reverentially observed. Paraiso said. â€Å"Fate has been unkind to Bonifacio. His mystery-shrouded life ended in black decease. † Harmonizing to the American Heritage Dictionary. â€Å"ignominious† means â€Å"marked by shame or shame: dishonourable. † It is bad plenty that this honest and brave â€Å"son of the people† ( anak ng bayan ) should be called a â€Å"myth† by an vague American historiographer. and his decease should be called black or scandalous by an employee of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. The bravery of Bonifacio It is true that Bonifacio was executed by an order of Aguinaldo in a battle for power within the radical motion. But Bonifacio faced his destiny courageously. with the same unbeatable bravery that he had mustered in constructing the radical motion from a smattering of nationalists to 1000s of ill armed avid zealots eager to put down their lives for freedom and independency. Bonifacio did this through four long old ages of painstaking enlisting in secret rites in darkened suites under the very olfactory organs of the progressively nervous colonial and clerical governments. with every minute fraught with the danger of find. anguish and decease. And eventually. when the motion was unwittingly discovered. he launched the revolution armed merely with a six-gun. assailing a military armory. lighting the radical war that vindicated and upheld the award and manhood of coevalss of Filipinos who had been chained in colonial bondage for three and a half centuries. Following dissensions in the ranks of the revolutionists. Bonifacio was shot and wounded as he resisted gaining control by soldiers he considered renegades to the revolution. His capturer. Col. Lazaro Makapagal. claimed that Bonifacio shed â€Å"bitter tears† when. together with his brother. he faced certain decease. but he did non implore for his life. and the cryings he shed were surely due to his defeat that the radical motion that he led to fruition was in danger of catastrophe. Bonifacio’s background showed that whatever his mistakes. deficiency of bravery was non one of them. As the quintessential revolutionist. Mao Zedong said. â€Å"A revolution is non a dinner party. or composing an essay. or painting a image. or making embellishment ; †¦ . A revolution is an rebellion. an act of force by which one category overthrows another. † It is non so orderly like romantic fiction. Ratified by the people Yes. Bonifacio’s decease was a personal calamity. But it was non â€Å"ignominious. † Even as he considered himself a victim of unfairness by some of his fellow revolutionists. he did non abandon the revolution. He decided to go forth Cavite. the state of his factional antagonists. to go on to contend the revolution elsewhere. â€Å"Heroes are those who have a construct of state and hence aspire and battle for the nation’s freedom. † said the proficient commission of the National Heroes Commission in a study to President Fidel V. Ramos on June 3. 1993. Rizal and Bonifacio met that standard wholly. They are. so far. the lone heroes who have been honored by edict and jurisprudence with national vacations. The remainder are every bit honored with particular vacations. The members of the commission who drafted the standards for heroes were recognized historiographers and authors: Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz. Samuel K. Tan. Marcelino Foronda. Alfredo Lagmay. Bernardit o R. Churchill. Serafin D. Quiason. Ambeth Ocampo ( so known as the monastic Dom Ignacio Maria ) . Prof. Minerva Gonzales and Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil. Other historical figures The commission recommended nine other historical figures to be recognized as national heroes in a study to the Department of Education. Culture and Sports ( Decs ) in a study on Nov. 22. 1995. But the Decs took no action on the recommendation for fright that it would stir contention. Rizal and Bonifacio. who had already been declared national heroes by Acts of the Apostless of Congress. led the list of heroes made by the commission. The pick of Rizal and Bonifacio as the first national heroes has been ratified by the Filipino people through many coevalss as evidenced by the statues erected spontaneously in their award in towns and metropoliss throughout the archipelago. Historical revisionism. for whatever ground. will non wipe out this heartfelt fear in concrete and rock by all Filipinos nationwide.

British Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

British Airlines - Essay Example Moreover, the board was to take control of other smaller regional airlines such as Cambrian Airways, from  Cardiff, and  Northeast Airlines, to be based at  Newcastle upon Tyne.  Later on in 1974, all the four airlines were merged to form one major airline known as British Airways (British Airways 1998; British Airways 2006a, British Airways 2006b). British Airways remained to be a parasternal until 1987 when the company was privatized by the conservative government through the sale of its shares to members of the public. The national airline later on expanded by the acquisition of British Caledonian  in 1987 and  Dan-Air, and Gatwick-based carrier, in 1992 (British Airways 1995a; British Airways 2004; Anonymous 2002; Anonymous 2011; Bannan 2007). Since its formation in 1971, the company has long been one of the largest customers of Boeing aircrafts, which are manufactured in the United States. However, beginning August 1998, the company transformed and began purchasing aircrafts from Airbus, which are manufactured in the larger European countries (British Airways 2010a; 2010b; British Airways 2010c). Their first order involved the purchase of 59 Airbus A320 family aircrafts in the same year. Later on in 2007, the aircraft bought twelve more Airbus A380s (Benady 2008; British Airways 2000a; British Airways 2004a). However, in the same year, it purchased an additional 24 Boeing 787 Dreamliner to replace its old fleet. A vital part of the British airlines planes is the 52 Boeing 747-400 which it uses both for its domestic and regional flights. This makes it the largest operator in its category in the world (British Airways 2004b; British Airways 2004c; British Airways 2003). In order for British Airways to achieve such a huge milestone, it has developed various marketing strategies that are in line with the various marketing theories. One of the major marketing tools that it uses is the SWOT

Process Flow Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Fluorescence Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fluorescence - Lab Report Example In this experiment, anthracene was the electronically excited species while carbon tetrabromide was the quencher. A 250 ml solution of 0.1 mM anthracene (AN) was prepared in spectrometric quality n-hexane and used as a â€Å"solvent† to prepare 25 ml of 15 mM â€Å"stock† solution of CBr4. Eight dilutions of the AN/CBr4 were made using AN as the solvent starting with 0% (10 ml of AN) and ending with 100% (10 ml of CBr4). The solutions were then introduced into a fluorescence cell and deaerated with dry N2 for two minutes one after the other. The full fluorescence spectrum was then recorded using the instrumental conditions set by the TA. The fluorescent intensities of all the dilute solutions were recorded. The Stern-Volmer plot in this experiment is curved upward because the system is considered to be suddenly exposed to a steady-state excitation source. A graph of I0/I vs [Q] gives KÏ„0 as the slope. The rate constant value obtained from the Stern-Volmer plot was 8393.7 Lmol-1s-1 while the theoretical value is estimated at 5.37 Ãâ€" 10^10 Lmol-1s-1. The rate constant obtained in this experiment is lower than the theoretical value due to factors such as ground-state complex formation between A and Q, competition between A and Q for the incident light and polarization effects. From equation 10 a graph of (I0/I) versus [Q] gives KqÏ„0 as the slope, and knowing the numerical value of Ï„0 then the value of Kq can be

Managing Innovation & Entrepreneurship Assignment

Managing Innovation & Entrepreneurship - Assignment Example Even when the innovation is principally a product or service that has its beginnings principally as a technological breakthrough, its eventual usefulness will depend greatly on whether the new discovery or invention could be rendered in a form usable according to how the discoverer or inventor intended it to be used. In Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt (2005) the invention of Thomas Edison’s incandescent light bulb was discussed, but was not put immediately to commercial use. The light bulb needed electricity to work, which was not difficult for Edison to generate (as direct current) for a single or even a set of light bulbs for his own lab or residence. But if every house and street was to be lighted up by his invention, a way must be discovered for electricity to be generated at a single station, then transmitted and supplied to a whole geographical area. Edison’s direct current, however, could not travel long distances, and was very inefficient. It took the discovery and dev elopment of Nikolai Tesla’s alternating current – something Edison resented and even campaigned against – to perform this task, because AC transmission was very efficient, and it travels extremely long distances compared to DC’s few kilometres (McNichol, 2006).. In retrospect, Edison’s light bulb was a technological invention, but one that could not be put to practical commercial use until AC supply was invented. The above case shows how technology cannot stand alone to sustain an innovation, because the innovation has to do with more than just the technology, but the way people’s lives are changed. The innovation must be linked to the market in all its aspects – its technical design, manufacturing, management and commercial activities (Tidd, et al., 2005). Furthermore, a successful innovation is not just filling the consumer’s need, but fulfilling it in a new and differentiated way. A new product or service is not an innovatio n, unless it offers the customers â€Å"something of value that competitors don’t have (MacMillan & McGrath, 1997, p. 133). This does not necessarily rest on the technological merits of the innovation; sometimes, it may be something as simple as the relocation of handles, and lids, or the design of packaging that offers the customer utility; all of these are innovations, though not necessarily advanced technologically. Among our readings is a case study on CEMEX, or Cementos Mexicanos, a Mexican cement giant. Although it is a century old and comes from a developing country, the company has become the third-largest selling cement company in the world by volume, exporting to more than sixty companies, and garnering sales of more than US$ 6 billion (Sull, Ruelas-Gossi, & Escobari, 2004). The company’s secret is that it tries to understand the needs of its market very well, sending employees out to the communities to learn where their product can be improved to meed the c ustomers’ needs, and develop ways their customers can better afford their product. The article goes on to describe how companies in developing economies are able to innovate despite: (1) lack of a solid technology base; (2) serving a country with low disposable income; and (3) operating on a shoestring budget (Sull, Ruelas-Gos

Solutions regarding Google Glass privacy issues Research Paper

Solutions regarding Google Glass privacy issues - Research Paper Example g Privacy Issues in the Context of Google Glass† draws on his over 10-year experience studying privacy and mobile computing to examine the negative sentiments that have afflicted Google Glass. He looks at the issue from the perspective of lessons learned about privacy from the ubiquitous computing project in the 1990s, as well as current expectations of privacy change. Yesenia Duran in â€Å"Google Glass Finds Its Way into Law Enforcement† discusses the use of Google Glass by law enforcement and government agencies to increase situational awareness. Ribeiro Furlan in â€Å"Google Glass† discusses the risks posed to users of Google Glass with regards to hacking, which can make private information available to unauthorized people. Finally, Schreiber discusses the considerable challenges that Google Glass portends on existing privacy laws and paradigms, examining implications and solutions. From these articles, a question arises: What are the solutions to Google Glas s’ privacy issues? This paper will argue that Google Glass should seek to improve security by ensuring recording can only occur with the knowledge of people around the wearer, as well as ensuring that information collected through the device is secure from unauthorized access. â€Å"Google Glass displays information in a smartphone-like hands-free format that can interact with the Internet via natural language voice commands† (Duran 18). However, because of this, Google Glass wearable computers pose pertinent privacy questions that need to be addressed before Google can make them available on the market. To begin with, Google Glass threatens those not using it as they are always under surveillance. Most of these people will react to people wearing Google Glass as if they are recording them, even when they are not. In turn, this will threaten their ability to hold anonymous, candid, or private social interactions, increasing the likelihood of social venues banning its use. In addition, although the Google